7 Come, let’s go down, and there confuse their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech.”
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Original Language
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Genesis 11:7. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
Panels
5
Word Entries
63
Editorial Notes
0
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Westminster Leningrad Codex
Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain
Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible
Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.
הָ֚בָה נֵֽרְדָ֔ה וְנָבְלָ֥ה שָׁ֖ם שְׂפָתָ֑ם אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹ֣א יִשְׁמְע֔וּ אִ֖ישׁ שְׂפַ֥ת רֵעֵֽהוּ׃
11 word entries
הָ֚בָה
נֵֽרְדָ֔ה
וְנָבְלָ֥ה
שְׂפָתָ֑ם
אֲשֶׁר֙
יִשְׁמְע֔וּ
אִ֖ישׁ
שְׂפַ֥ת
Greek Brenton Septuagint
Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain
Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported
Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.
Δεῦτε, καὶ καταβάντες συγχέωμεν αὐτῶν ἐκεῖ τὴν γλῶσσαν, ἵνα μὴ ἀκούσωσιν ἕκαστος τὴν φωνὴν τοῦ πλησίον.
16 word entries
Δεῦτε
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- δεῦτε
- Transliteration
- deute
- Morphology
- imperatival adverb/particle
- Gloss
- come!
- Part of Speech
- adverb/imperative particle
- Definition
- Adverbial imperative particle meaning come, come now.
- Occurrences
- 40
καὶ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- καί
- Transliteration
- kai
- Morphology
- coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and, also, even
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- Coordinating conjunction.
- Strong's
- G2532
- Occurrences
- 56730
καταβάντες
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- low
- Confidence note
- Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
- Lemma
- καταβάντες
- Transliteration
- katabantes
- Morphology
- nominative/vocative plural masculine/feminine pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 2
συγχέωμεν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- low
- Confidence note
- Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
- Lemma
- συγχέωμεν
- Transliteration
- sygcheomen
- Morphology
- verb, aorist/imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular pattern
- Gloss
- he/she ...
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 1
αὐτῶν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- αὐτός
- Transliteration
- autos
- Morphology
- pronoun, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- he, himself
- Part of Speech
- pronoun
- Definition
- Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
- Occurrences
- 26672
ἐκεῖ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ἐκεῖ
- Transliteration
- ekei
- Morphology
- adverb
- Gloss
- there
- Part of Speech
- adverb
- Definition
- There, in that place.
- Occurrences
- 751
τὴν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
γλῶσσαν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- γλῶσσαν
- Transliteration
- glossan
- Morphology
- verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd plural pattern
- Gloss
- they ...
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 24
ἵνα
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ἵνα
- Transliteration
- hina
- Morphology
- subordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- so that, in order that
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- Purpose/result conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 423
μὴ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- μή
- Transliteration
- me
- Morphology
- negative particle
- Gloss
- not, lest
- Part of Speech
- particle
- Definition
- Negative particle commonly used with non-indicative moods.
- Occurrences
- 2979
ἀκούσωσιν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- ἀκούσωσιν
- Transliteration
- akoysosin
- Morphology
- dative plural noun pattern or 3rd plural verb ending depending on context
- Gloss
- to/for ... / they ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/verb form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 7
ἕκαστος
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ἕκαστος
- Transliteration
- hekastos
- Morphology
- adjective/pronoun, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- each, every one
- Part of Speech
- adjective/pronoun
- Definition
- Each, every, each one.
- Occurrences
- 252
τὴν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
φωνὴν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- φωνή
- Transliteration
- phonen
- Morphology
- noun, feminine accusative singular
- Gloss
- voice, sound
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- Voice, sound, or utterance.
- Occurrences
- 549
τοῦ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
πλησίον
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- πλησίον
- Transliteration
- plesion
- Morphology
- adverb/substantive, indeclinable or neuter accusative singular
- Gloss
- near, neighbor
- Part of Speech
- adverb/substantive
- Definition
- Near, nearby, or neighbor depending on use.
- Occurrences
- 199
Targum Onkelos Torah
Aramaic · Targum Onkelos · Public Domain
Coverage: Torah
Ancient Aramaic Torah translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as the Hebrew original text.
הָבוּ נִתְגְּלִי וּנְבַלְבֵּל תַּמָּן לִישָׁנְהוֹן דְּלָא יִשְׁמְעוּן (גְּבַר) אֱנַשׁ לִישָׁן חַבְרֵהּ
11 word entries
הָבוּ
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- הבו
- Transliteration
- hbw
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 13
נִתְגְּלִי
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- נתגלי
- Transliteration
- ntgly
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 1
וּנְבַלְבֵּל
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- נבלבל
- Transliteration
- wnblbl
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 1
תַּמָּן
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- תמן
- Transliteration
- tmn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 254
לִישָׁנְהוֹן
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- ישנהון
- Transliteration
- lyshnhwn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 1
דְּלָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- דלא
- Transliteration
- dl'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 51
יִשְׁמְעוּן
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- ישמעון
- Transliteration
- yshm'wn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 10
גְּבַר
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- גבר
- Transliteration
- gbr
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 287
אֱנַשׁ
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- אנש
- Transliteration
- 'nsh
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 77
לִישָׁן
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- ישן
- Transliteration
- lyshn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 12
חַבְרֵהּ
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- חברה
- Transliteration
- chbrh
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 35
Syriac Peshitta Old Testament
Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License
Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܬܘ ܢܚܘܬ ܘܢ̇ܦܠܓ ܬܡ̇ܢ ܠܫ̈ܢܐ. ܕܠܐ ܢܫܡܥܘܢ ܓܒܪ ܠܫܢ ܚܒܪܗ.
10 word entries
ܬܘ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- TW
- Morphology
- !!(>T(J[W
- Occurrences
- 0
ܢܚܘܬ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- NXWT
- Morphology
- !N=!(NX&WT[
- Occurrences
- 0
ܘܢ̇ܦܠܓ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- WN^PLG
- Morphology
- W-!N=!PLG[:d
- Occurrences
- 0
ܬܡ̇ܢ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- TM^N
- Morphology
- TMN
- Occurrences
- 0
ܠܫ̈ܢܐ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- LC"N>
- Morphology
- LCN/(J~>
- Occurrences
- 0
ܕܠܐ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- DL>
- Morphology
- D-L>
- Occurrences
- 0
ܢܫܡܥܘܢ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- NCM<WN
- Morphology
- !N!CM<[WN
- Occurrences
- 0
ܓܒܪ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- GBR
- Morphology
- GBR/
- Occurrences
- 0
ܠܫܢ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- LCN
- Morphology
- LCN/
- Occurrences
- 0
ܚܒܪܗ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- XBRH
- Morphology
- XBR/-H
- Occurrences
- 0
Latin Vulgate Clementine
Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
Venite igitur, descendamus, et confundamus ibi linguam eorum, ut non audiat unusquisque vocem proximi sui.
15 word entries
venite
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- uenio
- Transliteration
- venite
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 2233
igitur
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- igitur
- Transliteration
- igitur
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 420
descendamus
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- descendo
- Transliteration
- descendamus
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 385
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
confundamus
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- confundo
- Transliteration
- confundamus
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 169
ibi
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ibi
- Transliteration
- ibi
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adverb
- Occurrences
- 517
linguam
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- lingua
- Transliteration
- linguam
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 219
eorum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- is
- Transliteration
- eorum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 17810
ut
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ut
- Transliteration
- ut
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 4533
non
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- non
- Transliteration
- non
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adverb
- Occurrences
- 7320
audiat
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- audio
- Transliteration
- audiat
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 1534
unusquisque
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- unusquisque
- Transliteration
- unusquisque
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 278
vocem
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- uox
- Transliteration
- vocem
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 583
proximi
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- propior
- Transliteration
- proximi
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 158
sui
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- suus
- Transliteration
- sui
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 5783
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
Psalms 33:10
Yahweh brings the counsel of the nations to nothing. He makes the thoughts of the peoples to be of no effect.
11 relevance votesGenesis 1:26
God said, “Let’s make man in our image, after our likeness. Let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the sky, and over the livestock, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.”
8 relevance votesPsalms 55:9
Confuse them, Lord, and confound their language, for I have seen violence and strife in the city.
7 relevance votesGenesis 42:23
They didn’t know that Joseph understood them; for there was an interpreter between them.
4 relevance votes1 Corinthians 14:23
If therefore the whole assembly is assembled together and all speak with other languages, and unlearned or unbelieving people come in, won’t they say that you are crazy?
4 relevance votesPsalms 2:4
He who sits in the heavens will laugh. The Lord will have them in derision.
3 relevance votesGenesis 3:22
Yahweh God said, “Behold, the man has become like one of us, knowing good and evil. Now, lest he reach out his hand, and also take of the tree of life, and eat, and live forever—”
3 relevance votesDeuteronomy 28:49
Yahweh will bring a nation against you from far away, from the end of the earth, as the eagle flies: a nation whose language you will not understand,
3 relevance votesJob 12:20
He removes the speech of those who are trusted, and takes away the understanding of the elders.
3 relevance votesJeremiah 5:15
Behold, I will bring a nation on you from far away, house of Israel,” says Yahweh. “It is a mighty nation. It is an ancient nation, a nation whose language you don’t know and don’t understand what they say.
3 relevance votesGenesis 10:20
These are the sons of Ham, after their families, according to their languages, in their lands and their nations.
2 relevance votesIsaiah 6:8
I heard the Lord’s voice, saying, “Whom shall I send, and who will go for us?” Then I said, “Here I am. Send me!”
2 relevance votes