2 Samuel 10

World English Bible, Verse 13

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¹³ So Joab and the people who were with him came near to the battle against the Syrians, and they fled before him.

Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to 2 Samuel 10:13. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 67

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

וַיִּגַּ֣שׁ יוֹאָ֗ב וְהָעָם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עִמּ֔וֹ לַמִּלְחָמָ֖ה בַּֽאֲרָ֑ם וַיָּנֻ֖סוּ מִפָּנָֽיו׃

9 word entries

וַיִּגַּ֣שׁ

Lemma: c/5066
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + verb qal sequential imperfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H5066
Occurrences: 58

יוֹאָ֗ב

Lemma: 3097
Morphology: Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3097
Occurrences: 123

וְהָעָם֙

Lemma: c/d/5971 a
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + particle definite article + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H5971
Occurrences: 43

אֲשֶׁ֣ר

Lemma: 834 a
Morphology: Hebrew: particle relative
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H834
Occurrences: 4808

עִמּ֔וֹ

Lemma: 5973 a
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + suffix
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H5973
Occurrences: 900

לַמִּלְחָמָ֖ה

Lemma: l/4421
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common feminine singular absolute
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H4421
Occurrences: 71

בַּֽאֲרָ֑ם

Lemma: b/758
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun proper
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H758
Occurrences: 8

וַיָּנֻ֖סוּ

Lemma: c/5127
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + verb qal sequential imperfect 3rd person masculine plural
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H5127
Occurrences: 75

מִפָּנָֽיו

Lemma: m/6440
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common both gender plural construct + suffix
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H6440
Occurrences: 296

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Καὶ προσῆλθεν Ἰωὰβ καὶ ὁ λαὸς αὐτοῦ μετʼ αὐτοῦ εἰς πόλεμον πρὸς Συρίαν, καὶ ἔφυγαν ἀπὸ προσώπου αὐτοῦ.

18 word entries

Καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

προσῆλθεν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: προσῆλθεν
Transliteration: proselthen
Morphology: verb, aorist/imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss: he/she ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 8

Ἰωὰβ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: Ἰωάβ
Transliteration: Ioab
Morphology: proper noun, indeclinable
Gloss: Joab
Part of Speech: proper noun
Definition: Joab.
Occurrences: 156

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

ὁ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

λαὸς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: λαός
Transliteration: laos
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: people
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: People, nation, or community.
Occurrences: 1841

αὐτοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

μετʼ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: μετά
Transliteration: met
Morphology: preposition, elided form
Gloss: with, after
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided/aspirated form of μετά.
Occurrences: 2247

αὐτοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

εἰς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: εἰς
Transliteration: eis
Morphology: preposition with accusative
Gloss: into, to, for
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the accusative.
Occurrences: 6787

πόλεμον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: πόλεμος
Transliteration: polemos
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: war
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: War, battle, or conflict.
Occurrences: 323

πρὸς

Status: Machine-aligned lexicon entry
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Aligned to an existing lexicon entry but not manually reviewed for this LXX verse.
Note: Machine-aligned to an existing lexicon entry. Verify against the source before treating as hand-curated.
Lemma: πρὸς
Transliteration: pros
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: with/toward
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: with/toward
Strong's: G4314
Occurrences: 3989

Συρίαν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: Συρίαν
Transliteration: syrian
Morphology: proper noun, likely indeclinable or context-dependent inflected form
Gloss: Συρίαν
Part of Speech: proper noun
Definition: Generated proper-name alignment. Exact identity should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 20

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

ἔφυγαν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἔφυγαν
Transliteration: ephygan
Morphology: aorist 3rd plural verb pattern or accusative feminine noun pattern depending on context
Gloss: they ... / ...
Part of Speech: verb/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

ἀπὸ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀπό
Transliteration: apo
Morphology: preposition with genitive
Gloss: from, away from
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided/aspirated form of ἀπό.
Occurrences: 3869

προσώπου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: πρόσωπον
Transliteration: prosopon
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
Gloss: face, presence
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Face, presence, person, or front.
Occurrences: 1170

αὐτοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܘܩܪܒ ܝܘܐܒ ܘܥܡܐ ܕܥܡܗ ܠܡܬܟܬܫܘ ܥܡ ܐܕܘܡ ܘܥܪܩܘ ܡܢ ܩܕܡܘܗܝ

10 word entries

ܘܩܪܒ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܩܪܒ
Transliteration: wqrb
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 45

ܝܘܐܒ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܝܘܐܒ
Transliteration: yw'b
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 83

ܘܥܡܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܥܡܐ
Transliteration: w'm'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 55

ܕܥܡܗ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܥܡܗ
Transliteration: d'mh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 112

ܠܡܬܟܬܫܘ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܡܬܟܬܫܘ
Transliteration: lmtktshw
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 33

ܥܡ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܡ
Transliteration: 'm
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 697

ܐܕܘܡ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܕܘܡ
Transliteration: 'dwm
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 64

ܘܥܪܩܘ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܥܪܩܘ
Transliteration: w'rqw
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 47

ܡܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܢ
Transliteration: mn
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 5552

ܩܕܡܘܗܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܩܕܡܘܗܝ
Transliteration: qdmwhy
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 171

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

וּקְרֵיב יוֹאָב וְעַמָא דִי עִמֵיהּ לְאַגָחָא קְרָבָא בֶּאֱנַשׁ אֲרָם וְאַפִּיכוּ מִן קֳדָמוֹהִי׃

12 word entries

וּקְרֵיב

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קריב
Transliteration: wqryb
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 94

יוֹאָב

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יואב
Transliteration: yw'b
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 144

וְעַמָא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: עם
Transliteration: w'm'
Morphology: prefixed conjunction ו + noun masculine singular emphatic
Gloss: and people
Occurrences: 1754

דִי

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: די
Transliteration: dy
Morphology: relative/genitive particle
Gloss: of, that, which
Occurrences: 1711

עִמֵיהּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עמיה
Transliteration: 'myh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 403

לְאַגָחָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אגחא
Transliteration: l'gch'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 79

קְרָבָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קרבא
Transliteration: qrb'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 469

בֶּאֱנַשׁ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אנש
Transliteration: b'nsh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 341

אֲרָם

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ארם
Transliteration: 'rm
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 132

וְאַפִּיכוּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אפיכו
Transliteration: w'pykw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 16

מִן

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: מן
Transliteration: mn
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: from, out of, than
Occurrences: 2836

קֳדָמוֹהִי׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קדמוהי
Transliteration: qdmwhy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 214

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Iniit itaque Joab, et populus qui erat cum eo, certamen contra Syros: qui statim fugerunt a facie ejus.

18 word entries

iniit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ineo
Transliteration: iniit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 62

itaque

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: itaque
Transliteration: itaque
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 371

Ioab

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Ioas
Transliteration: Ioab
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 194

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

populus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: populus
Transliteration: populus
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 2030

qui

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: qui
Transliteration: qui
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 15011

erat

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sum
Transliteration: erat
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20614

cum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: cum
Transliteration: cum
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 5272

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eo
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

certamen

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: certamen
Transliteration: certamen
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 29

contra

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: contra
Transliteration: contra
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 895

Syros

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Syri
Transliteration: Syros
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 30

qui

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: qui
Transliteration: qui
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 15011

statim

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: statim
Transliteration: statim
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 160

fugerunt

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: fugio
Transliteration: fugerunt
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 351

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ab
Transliteration: a
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 3693

facie

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: facies
Transliteration: facie
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 793

eius

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eius
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

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