2 Maccabees 13

World English Bible, Verse 19

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¹⁹ and on a strong fortress of the Jews at Bethsura. He advanced, was turned back, failed, and was defeated.

Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to 2 Maccabees 13:19. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 3

Word Entries 37

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Καὶ ἐπὶ Βαιθσούρᾳ φρούριον ὀχυρὸν τῶν Ἰουδαίων προσῆγεν· καὶ ἐτροποῦτο, προσέκρουεν, ἠλαττονοῦτο.

12 word entries

Καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

ἐπὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐπί
Transliteration: epi
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: on, upon, over, against
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided/aspirated form of the preposition ἐπί.
Occurrences: 6685

Βαιθσούρᾳ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: βαιθσούρᾳ
Transliteration: baithsoyra
Morphology: dative singular feminine pattern
Gloss: to/for ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 5

φρούριον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: φρούριον
Transliteration: phroyrion
Morphology: accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 3

ὀχυρὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ὀχυρὸν
Transliteration: ochyron
Morphology: accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 4

τῶν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

Ἰουδαίων

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: Ἰουδαῖος
Transliteration: Ioudaion
Morphology: proper adjective/substantive, genitive plural
Gloss: of Judeans, Jews
Part of Speech: proper adjective/substantive
Definition: Judean or Jew.
Occurrences: 127

προσῆγεν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: προσῆγεν
Transliteration: prosegen
Morphology: verb, aorist/imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss: he/she ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

ἐτροποῦτο

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἐτροποῦτο
Transliteration: etropoyto
Morphology: verb, middle/passive indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss: he/she was ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

προσέκρουεν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: προσέκρουεν
Transliteration: prosekroyen
Morphology: verb, aorist/imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss: he/she ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

ἠλαττονοῦτο

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἠλαττονοῦτο
Transliteration: elattonoyto
Morphology: verb, middle/passive indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss: he/she was ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 3

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܘܫܕܪ ܡܛܪܬܐ ܥܠ ܒܝܬ ܫܘܪ̈ܐ ܚܣ̈ܢܐ ܕܝܗܘ̈ܕܝܐ ܘܐܬܟܬܫܘ ܥܠܘܗܝ ܘܐܙܕܟܝܘ ܘܐܬܒܨܪܘ ܣܓܝ

12 word entries

ܘܫܕܪ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܫܕܪ
Transliteration: wshdr
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 204

ܡܛܪܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܛܪܬܐ
Transliteration: mtrt'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 46

ܥܠ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܠ
Transliteration: 'l
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 3346

ܒܝܬ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܒܝܬ
Transliteration: beth
Morphology: noun, construct form
Gloss: house of
Occurrences: 480

ܫܘܪ̈ܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܫܘܪܐ
Transliteration: shwr'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 97

ܚܣ̈ܢܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܚܣܢܐ
Transliteration: hsn'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 24

ܕܝܗܘ̈ܕܝܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܝܗܘܕܝܐ
Transliteration: dyhwdy'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 51

ܘܐܬܟܬܫܘ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܐܬܟܬܫܘ
Transliteration: w'tktshw
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 16

ܥܠܘܗܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܠܘܗܝ
Transliteration: 'lwhy
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 372

ܘܐܙܕܟܝܘ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܐܙܕܟܝܘ
Transliteration: w'zdkyw
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 3

ܘܐܬܒܨܪܘ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܐܬܒܨܪܘ
Transliteration: w'tbsrw
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

ܣܓܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܣܓܝ
Transliteration: sgy
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 143

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

et Bethsuræ, quæ erat Judæorum præsidium munitum, castra admovebat: sed fugabatur, impingebat, minorabatur.

13 word entries

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

Bethsurae

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Bethsura
Transliteration: Bethsurae
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 13

quod

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: qui
Transliteration: quod
Morphology: GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 15011

erat

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sum
Transliteration: erat
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20614

Iudaeorum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Iudaei
Transliteration: Iudaeorum
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 362

praesidium

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: praesidium
Transliteration: praesidium
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 50

munitum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: munitus
Transliteration: munitum
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 44

castra

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: castra
Transliteration: castra
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 263

admovebat

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: admoueo
Transliteration: admovebat
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 12

sed

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sed
Transliteration: sed
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 1637

fugabatur

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: fugo
Transliteration: fugabatur
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 24

inpingebat

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: impingo
Transliteration: inpingebat
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 15

minuebatur

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: minuo
Transliteration: minuebatur
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 24

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