2 Now the name of his firstborn was Joel, and the name of his second, Abijah. They were judges in Beersheba.
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World English Bible
1 Samuel 8
World English Bible, Verse 2
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Original Language
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to 1 Samuel 8:2. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
Panels
5
Word Entries
63
Editorial Notes
0
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Westminster Leningrad Codex
Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain
Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible
Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.
וַיְהִ֞י שֶׁם־בְּנ֤וֹ הַבְּכוֹר֙ יוֹאֵ֔ל וְשֵׁ֥ם מִשְׁנֵ֖הוּ אֲבִיָּ֑ה שֹׁפְטִ֖ים בִּבְאֵ֥ר שָֽׁבַע׃
11 word entries
וַיְהִ֞י
שֶׁם
בְּנ֤וֹ
הַבְּכוֹר֙
וְשֵׁ֥ם
מִשְׁנֵ֖הוּ
שֹׁפְטִ֖ים
בִּבְאֵ֥ר
Greek Brenton Septuagint
Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain
Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported
Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.
Καὶ ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν υἱῶν αὐτοῦ· πρωτότοκος Ἰωήλ, καὶ ὄνομα τοῦ δευτέρου ʼΑβιά, δικασταὶ ἐν Βηρσαβεέ.
17 word entries
Καὶ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- καί
- Transliteration
- kai
- Morphology
- coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and, also, even
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- Coordinating conjunction.
- Strong's
- G2532
- Occurrences
- 56730
ταῦτα
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- οὗτος
- Transliteration
- houtos
- Morphology
- demonstrative pronoun, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- this one
- Part of Speech
- demonstrative pronoun
- Definition
- This, these.
- Occurrences
- 3767
τὰ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
ὀνόματα
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὄνομα
- Transliteration
- onoma
- Morphology
- noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
- Gloss
- name
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- Name.
- Occurrences
- 908
τῶν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
υἱῶν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- υἱός
- Transliteration
- huios
- Morphology
- noun, masculine nominative singular
- Gloss
- son
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- Son, descendant, or member of a group.
- Occurrences
- 4805
αὐτοῦ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- αὐτός
- Transliteration
- autos
- Morphology
- pronoun, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- he, himself
- Part of Speech
- pronoun
- Definition
- Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
- Occurrences
- 26672
πρωτότοκος
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- πρωτότοκος
- Transliteration
- prototokos
- Morphology
- nominative masculine singular or genitive neuter singular pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 37
Ἰωήλ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- Ἰωήλ
- Transliteration
- ioel
- Morphology
- proper noun, likely indeclinable or context-dependent inflected form
- Gloss
- Ἰωήλ
- Part of Speech
- proper noun
- Definition
- Generated proper-name alignment. Exact identity should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 4
καὶ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- καί
- Transliteration
- kai
- Morphology
- coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and, also, even
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- Coordinating conjunction.
- Strong's
- G2532
- Occurrences
- 56730
ὄνομα
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὄνομα
- Transliteration
- onoma
- Morphology
- noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
- Gloss
- name
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- Name.
- Occurrences
- 908
τοῦ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
δευτέρου
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- δεύτερος
- Transliteration
- deuterou
- Morphology
- ordinal adjective, masculine/neuter genitive singular
- Gloss
- of second
- Part of Speech
- ordinal adjective
- Definition
- Second.
- Occurrences
- 171
ʼΑβιά
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- low
- Confidence note
- Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
- Lemma
- ʼαβιά
- Transliteration
- abia
- Morphology
- nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 1
δικασταὶ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- δικασταὶ
- Transliteration
- dikastai
- Morphology
- nominative plural feminine or infinitive/verb form depending on context
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective/verb form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 3
ἐν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ἐν
- Transliteration
- en
- Morphology
- preposition with dative
- Gloss
- in, among, with
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- Preposition commonly taking the dative.
- Strong's
- G1722
- Occurrences
- 13086
Βηρσαβεέ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- Βηρσαβεέ
- Transliteration
- bersabee
- Morphology
- proper noun, likely indeclinable or context-dependent inflected form
- Gloss
- Βηρσαβεέ
- Part of Speech
- proper noun
- Definition
- Generated proper-name alignment. Exact identity should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 10
Syriac Peshitta Old Testament
Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License
Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܘܗܘܐ ܫܡ ܒܪܗ ܒܘܟܪܗ ܝܘܐܝܠ ܘܫܡ ܬܢܝܢܗ ܐܒܝܐ ܕܝܢ̈ܐ ܒܒܪܫܒܥ
10 word entries
ܘܗܘܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܗܘܐ
- Transliteration
- whw'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 367
ܫܡ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܫܡ
- Transliteration
- shm
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 7
ܒܪܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܪܗ
- Transliteration
- brh
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 289
ܒܘܟܪܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܘܟܪܗ
- Transliteration
- bwkrh
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 34
ܝܘܐܝܠ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܝܘܐܝܠ
- Transliteration
- yw'yl
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 12
ܘܫܡ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܫܡ
- Transliteration
- wshm
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 4
ܬܢܝܢܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܬܢܝܢܗ
- Transliteration
- tnynh
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 3
ܐܒܝܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܐܒܝܐ
- Transliteration
- 'by'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 21
ܕܝܢ̈ܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܝܢܐ
- Transliteration
- dyn'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 177
ܒܒܪܫܒܥ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܒܪܫܒܥ
- Transliteration
- bbrshb'
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 1
Targumim on Prophets and Writings
Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain
Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.
Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.
וַהֲוָה שׁוּם בְּרֵיהּ בּוּכְרֵיהּ יוֹאֵל וְשׁוּם תִּנְיָנֵיהּ אֲבִיהָ דַיָנִין בִּבְאֵר שָׁבַע׃
11 word entries
וַהֲוָה
- Confidence
- medium aramaic rule-aligned
- Note
- Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
- Lemma
- הוה
- Transliteration
- whwh
- Morphology
- prefixed conjunction ו + verbal root הוה
- Gloss
- and was, became, happened
- Occurrences
- 1114
שׁוּם
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- שום
- Transliteration
- shwm
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 178
בְּרֵיהּ
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- ריה
- Transliteration
- bryh
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 216
בּוּכְרֵיהּ
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- וכריה
- Transliteration
- bwkryh
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 13
יוֹאֵל
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- יואל
- Transliteration
- yw'l
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 18
וְשׁוּם
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- שום
- Transliteration
- wshwm
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 178
תִּנְיָנֵיהּ
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- תניניה
- Transliteration
- tnynyh
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 4
אֲבִיהָ
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- אביה
- Transliteration
- 'byh
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 27
דַיָנִין
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- ינין
- Transliteration
- dynyn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 30
בִּבְאֵר
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- באר
- Transliteration
- bb'r
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 19
שָׁבַע׃
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- שבע
- Transliteration
- shb'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 132
Latin Vulgate Clementine
Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
Fuitque nomen filii ejus primogeniti Joël: et nomen secundi Abia, judicum in Bersabee.
14 word entries
fuitque
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sum
- Transliteration
- fuitque
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 20614
{fuitque}
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- que
- Transliteration
- {fuitque}
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 4392
nomen
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- nomen
- Transliteration
- nomen
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 1130
filii
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- filius
- Transliteration
- filii
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 5067
eius
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- is
- Transliteration
- eius
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 17810
primogeniti
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- primogenitus
- Transliteration
- primogeniti
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 136
Iohel
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- Ioel
- Transliteration
- Iohel
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: proper noun
- Occurrences
- 19
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
nomen
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- nomen
- Transliteration
- nomen
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 1130
secundi
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- secundus
- Transliteration
- secundi
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 166
Abia
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- Abia
- Transliteration
- Abia
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: proper noun
- Occurrences
- 34
iudicum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- iudex
- Transliteration
- iudicum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 101
in
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- in
- Transliteration
- in
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Gloss
- in
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- in, into, among, on
- Etymology
- Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
- Occurrences
- 22264
Bersabee
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- Bersabes
- Transliteration
- Bersabee
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: proper noun
- Occurrences
- 30
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
Amos 5:5
but don’t seek Bethel, nor enter into Gilgal, and don’t pass to Beersheba; for Gilgal shall surely go into captivity, and Bethel shall come to nothing.
2 relevance votes1 Chronicles 6:38
the son of Izhar, the son of Kohath, the son of Levi, the son of Israel.
2 relevance votes1 Kings 19:3
When he saw that, he arose and ran for his life, and came to Beersheba, which belongs to Judah, and left his servant there.
2 relevance votesGenesis 22:19
So Abraham returned to his young men, and they rose up and went together to Beersheba. Abraham lived at Beersheba.
2 relevance votes1 Chronicles 6:28
The sons of Samuel: the firstborn, Joel, and the second, Abijah.
2 relevance votes