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World English Bible

1 Samuel 16

World English Bible, Verse 14

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¹⁴ Now Yahweh’s Spirit departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from Yahweh troubled him.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to 1 Samuel 16:14. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 65

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

וְר֧וּחַ יְהוָ֛ה סָ֖רָה מֵעִ֣ם שָׁא֑וּל וּבִֽעֲתַ֥תּוּ רֽוּחַ־רָעָ֖ה מֵאֵ֥ת יְהוָֽה׃

10 word entries

וְר֧וּחַ

Lemma: c/7307
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + noun common both gender singular construct
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H7307
Occurrences: 42

יְהוָ֛ה

Lemma: 3068
Morphology: Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3068
Occurrences: 5701

סָ֖רָה

Lemma: 5493
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal perfect 3rd person feminine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H5493
Occurrences: 191

מֵעִ֣ם

Lemma: m/5973 b
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + preposition
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H5973
Occurrences: 69

שָׁא֑וּל

Lemma: 7586
Morphology: Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H7586
Occurrences: 353

וּבִֽעֲתַ֥תּוּ

Lemma: c/1204
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + verb piel perfect 3rd person feminine singular + suffix
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H1204
Occurrences: 1

רֽוּחַ

Lemma: 7307
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common both gender singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H7307
Occurrences: 271

רָעָ֖ה

Lemma: 7451 a
Morphology: Hebrew: adjective
Part of Speech: adjective
Strong's: H7451
Occurrences: 117

מֵאֵ֥ת

Lemma: m/854
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + preposition
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H854
Occurrences: 165

יְהוָֽה

Lemma: 3068
Morphology: Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3068
Occurrences: 5701

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Καὶ πνεῦμα Κυρίου ἀπέστη ἀπὸ Σαοὺλ, καὶ ἔπνιγεν αὐτὸν πνεῦμα πονηρὸν παρὰ Κυρίου.

13 word entries

Καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

πνεῦμα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: πνεῦμα
Transliteration: pneuma
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
Gloss: spirit, breath, wind
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Spirit, breath, or wind.
Occurrences: 216

Κυρίου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: κύριος
Transliteration: kyrios
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: Lord, master
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Lord, master, owner, or title for God.
Occurrences: 7934

ἀπέστη

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀφίστημι
Transliteration: apeste
Morphology: verb, aorist active intransitive indicative, 3rd singular
Gloss: he/she departed, withdrew
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: To depart, withdraw, revolt, or stand away.
Occurrences: 44

ἀπὸ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀπό
Transliteration: apo
Morphology: preposition with genitive
Gloss: from, away from
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided/aspirated form of ἀπό.
Occurrences: 3869

Σαοὺλ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: Σαούλ
Transliteration: Saoul
Morphology: proper noun, indeclinable
Gloss: Saul
Part of Speech: proper noun
Definition: Saul, biblical personal name.
Occurrences: 380

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

ἔπνιγεν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἔπνιγεν
Transliteration: epnigen
Morphology: verb, aorist/imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss: he/she ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

αὐτὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

πνεῦμα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: πνεῦμα
Transliteration: pneuma
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
Gloss: spirit, breath, wind
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Spirit, breath, or wind.
Occurrences: 216

πονηρὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: πονηρός
Transliteration: poneron
Morphology: adjective, accusative masculine singular or nominative/accusative neuter singular
Gloss: evil, wicked
Part of Speech: adjective
Definition: Evil, wicked, bad, or troublesome.
Occurrences: 198

παρὰ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: παρά
Transliteration: para
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: from, beside, with
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided form of παρά.
Occurrences: 776

Κυρίου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: κύριος
Transliteration: kyrios
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: Lord, master
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Lord, master, owner, or title for God.
Occurrences: 7934

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܘܪܘܚܗ ܕܐܠܗܐ ܥܒܪܬ ܡܢ ܫܐܘܠ ܘܡܕܝܒܐ ܠܗ ܪܘܚܐ ܒܝܫܬܐ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ ܡܪܝܐ

12 word entries

ܘܪܘܚܗ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܪܘܚܗ
Transliteration: wrwhh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 8

ܕܐܠܗܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܐܠܗܐ
Transliteration: d'lh'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 374

ܥܒܪܬ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܒܪܬ
Transliteration: 'brt
Morphology: possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending
Occurrences: 18

ܡܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܢ
Transliteration: mn
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 5552

ܫܐܘܠ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܫܐܘܠ
Transliteration: sh'wl
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 265

ܘܡܕܝܒܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܡܕܝܒܐ
Transliteration: wmdyb'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

ܠܗ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܗ
Transliteration: lh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 2252

ܪܘܚܐ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܪܘܚܐ
Transliteration: ruha
Morphology: noun, feminine emphatic singular
Gloss: spirit, wind
Occurrences: 147

ܒܝܫܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܒܝܫܬܐ
Transliteration: bysht'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences: 352

ܡܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܢ
Transliteration: mn
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 5552

ܩܕܡ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܩܕܡ
Transliteration: qdm
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 1019

ܡܪܝܐ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܡܪܝܐ
Transliteration: maryah
Morphology: divine title, emphatic form
Gloss: Lord
Occurrences: 2917

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

וְרוּחַ גְבוּרָה מִן קֳדָם יְיָ דַהֲוַת עִם שָׁאוּל עֲדָת מִנֵיהּ וּמְבַעֲתָא לֵיהּ רוּחַ בִּישָׁא מִן קֳדָם יְיָ׃

17 word entries

וְרוּחַ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: רוח
Transliteration: wrwch
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 249

גְבוּרָה

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: גבורה
Transliteration: gbwrh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 4

מִן

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: מן
Transliteration: mn
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: from, out of, than
Occurrences: 2836

קֳדָם

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: קדם
Transliteration: qdm
Morphology: prepositional or nominal form
Gloss: before, in front of, east
Occurrences: 2023

יְיָ

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: יהוה
Transliteration: yy
Morphology: divine name substitute in Targumic Aramaic
Gloss: the Lord
Occurrences: 3908

דַהֲוַת

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: הות
Transliteration: dhwt
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 264

עִם

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: עם
Transliteration: 'm
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: with
Occurrences: 1754

שָׁאוּל

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שאול
Transliteration: sh'wl
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 424

עֲדָת

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עדת
Transliteration: 'dt
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 7

מִנֵיהּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ניה
Transliteration: mnyh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 178

וּמְבַעֲתָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: מבעתא
Transliteration: wmb't'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 1

לֵיהּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ליה
Transliteration: lyh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1154

רוּחַ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: רוח
Transliteration: rwch
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 249

בִּישָׁא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ישא
Transliteration: bysh'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 101

מִן

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: מן
Transliteration: mn
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: from, out of, than
Occurrences: 2836

קֳדָם

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: קדם
Transliteration: qdm
Morphology: prepositional or nominal form
Gloss: before, in front of, east
Occurrences: 2023

יְיָ׃

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: יהוה
Transliteration: yy
Morphology: divine name substitute in Targumic Aramaic
Gloss: the Lord
Occurrences: 3908

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Spiritus autem Domini recessit a Saul, et exagitabat eum spiritus nequam a Domino.

13 word entries

spiritus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: spiritus
Transliteration: spiritus
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 709

autem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: autem
Transliteration: autem
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 5069

Domini

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: dominus
Transliteration: Domini
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 8181

recessit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: recedo
Transliteration: recessit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 217

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ab
Transliteration: a
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 3693

Saul

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Saul
Transliteration: Saul
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 388

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

exagitabat

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: exagito
Transliteration: exagitabat
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 4

eum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eum
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

spiritus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: spiritus
Transliteration: spiritus
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 709

nequam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: nequam
Transliteration: nequam
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 61

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ab
Transliteration: a
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 3693

Domino

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: dominus
Transliteration: Domino
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 8181

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

Psalms 51:11

Don’t throw me from your presence, and don’t take your Holy Spirit from me.

15 relevance votes

1 Samuel 18:12

Saul was afraid of David, because Yahweh was with him, and had departed from Saul.

12 relevance votes

Judges 9:23

Then God sent an evil spirit between Abimelech and the men of Shechem; and the men of Shechem dealt treacherously with Abimelech,

10 relevance votes

1 Samuel 28:15

Samuel said to Saul, “Why have you disturbed me, to bring me up?” Saul answered, “I am very distressed; for the Philistines make war against me, and God has departed from me, and answers me no more, by prophets, or by dreams. Therefore I have called you, that you may make known to me what I shall do.”

9 relevance votes

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1 Samuel 16

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

Psalms 51:11

1 Samuel 18:12

Judges 9:23

1 Samuel 28:15

1 Samuel 18:10

Judges 16:20

1 Kings 22:22

Hosea 9:12

1 Samuel 11:6

Judges 16:29