1 Maccabees
Chapter 8
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Verse 31
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Apocrypha · World English Bible

1 Maccabees 8

World English Bible, Verse 31

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31 Concerning the evils which King Demetrius is doing to them, we have written to him, saying, ‘Why have you made your yoke heavy on our friends and allies the Jews?

Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to 1 Maccabees 8:31. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 3
Word Entries 67
Editorial Notes 0
How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Καὶ περὶ τῶν κακῶν ὧν ὁ βασιλεὺς Δημήτριος συντελεῖται εἰς αὐτούς, ἐγράψαμεν αὐτῷ, λέγοντες, διατί ἐβάρυνας τὸν ζυγόν σου ἐπὶ τοὺς φίλους ἡμῶν τοὺς συμμάχους Ἰουδαίους;

26 word entries
Καὶ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
καί
Transliteration
kai
Morphology
coordinating conjunction
Gloss
and, also, even
Part of Speech
conjunction
Definition
Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's
G2532
Occurrences
56730
περὶ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Transliteration
peri
Morphology
preposition
Gloss
about, concerning, around
Part of Speech
preposition
Definition
Preposition used with genitive or accusative.
Occurrences
752
τῶν
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
Transliteration
ho
Morphology
definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss
the
Part of Speech
article
Definition
Greek definite article.
Strong's
G3588
Occurrences
80473
κακῶν
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Transliteration
kakon
Morphology
adjective, masculine/feminine/neuter genitive plural
Gloss
of evil things; evil
Part of Speech
adjective
Definition
Bad, evil, harmful, or wicked.
Occurrences
242
ὧν
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
ὅς
Transliteration
hon
Morphology
relative pronoun, genitive plural
Gloss
of whom, of which
Part of Speech
relative pronoun
Definition
Relative pronoun who, which, that.
Occurrences
4123
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
Transliteration
ho
Morphology
definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss
the
Part of Speech
article
Definition
Greek definite article.
Strong's
G3588
Occurrences
80473
βασιλεὺς
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Transliteration
basileus
Morphology
noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss
king
Part of Speech
noun
Definition
King or ruler.
Occurrences
3067
Δημήτριος
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium
Confidence note
Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Transliteration
demetrios
Morphology
nominative masculine singular or genitive neuter singular pattern
Gloss
...
Part of Speech
noun/adjective form
Definition
Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences
25
συντελεῖται
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
low
Confidence note
Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Transliteration
synteleitai
Morphology
nominative plural feminine or infinitive/verb form depending on context
Gloss
...
Part of Speech
noun/adjective/verb form
Definition
Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences
1
εἰς
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
εἰς
Transliteration
eis
Morphology
preposition with accusative
Gloss
into, to, for
Part of Speech
preposition
Definition
Preposition commonly taking the accusative.
Occurrences
6787
αὐτούς
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Transliteration
autos
Morphology
pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss
he, himself
Part of Speech
pronoun
Definition
Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences
26672
ἐγράψαμεν
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium
Confidence note
Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Transliteration
egrapsamen
Morphology
verb, aorist/imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss
he/she ...
Part of Speech
verb
Definition
Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences
4
αὐτῷ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Transliteration
autos
Morphology
pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss
he, himself
Part of Speech
pronoun
Definition
Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences
26672
λέγοντες
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Transliteration
legontes
Morphology
present active participle, nominative masculine plural
Gloss
saying
Part of Speech
verb/participle
Definition
To say or speak.
Occurrences
5490
διατί
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Transliteration
dia ti
Morphology
preposition plus interrogative pronoun
Gloss
why?
Part of Speech
interrogative phrase
Definition
Interrogative phrase meaning why or for what reason.
Occurrences
48
ἐβάρυνας
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
low
Confidence note
Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Transliteration
ebarynas
Morphology
accusative plural feminine or genitive singular feminine pattern
Gloss
...
Part of Speech
noun/adjective form
Definition
Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences
2
τὸν
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
Transliteration
ho
Morphology
definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss
the
Part of Speech
article
Definition
Greek definite article.
Strong's
G3588
Occurrences
80473
ζυγόν
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium
Confidence note
Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Transliteration
zygon
Morphology
accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
Gloss
...
Part of Speech
noun/adjective form
Definition
Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences
3
σου
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
σύ
Transliteration
sy
Morphology
pronoun, nominative second-person singular
Gloss
you
Part of Speech
pronoun
Definition
Second-person personal pronoun.
Occurrences
12950
ἐπὶ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
ἐπί
Transliteration
epi
Morphology
preposition
Gloss
on, upon, over, against
Part of Speech
preposition
Definition
Elided/aspirated form of the preposition ἐπί.
Occurrences
6685
τοὺς
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
Transliteration
ho
Morphology
definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss
the
Part of Speech
article
Definition
Greek definite article.
Strong's
G3588
Occurrences
80473
φίλους
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium
Confidence note
Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Transliteration
philoys
Morphology
accusative plural masculine or genitive singular neuter pattern
Gloss
...
Part of Speech
noun/adjective form
Definition
Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences
19
ἡμῶν
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
ἐγώ
Transliteration
ego
Morphology
pronoun, nominative first-person singular
Gloss
I
Part of Speech
pronoun
Definition
First-person personal pronoun.
Occurrences
11445
τοὺς
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
Transliteration
ho
Morphology
definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss
the
Part of Speech
article
Definition
Greek definite article.
Strong's
G3588
Occurrences
80473
συμμάχους
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
low
Confidence note
Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Transliteration
symmachoys
Morphology
nominative masculine/feminine singular or accusative plural pattern depending on context
Gloss
...
Part of Speech
noun/adjective form
Definition
Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences
2
Ἰουδαίους
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Transliteration
Ioudaious
Morphology
proper adjective/noun, masculine accusative plural
Gloss
Jews, Judeans
Part of Speech
proper adjective/noun
Definition
Jewish, Judean; member of the Jewish/Judean people.
Occurrences
127
Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܘܥܠ ܒܝܫ̈ܬܐ ܕܝܢ ܕܥܒܕ ܨܐܕܝܟܘܢ ܕܡܛܪܝܘܣ ܡܠܟܐ ܟܬܒܢ ܘܫܠܚܢ ܠܗ ܕܠܡܢܐ ܐܘܩܪܬ ܘܐܥܫܢܬ ܢܝܪܟ ܥܠ ܪ̈ܚܡܝܢ ܘܡܥܕܪ̈ܢܝܢ ܝܗܘ̈ܕܝܐ

18 word entries
ܘܥܠ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma
ܘܥܠ
Transliteration
w'l
Morphology
Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences
687
ܒܝܫ̈ܬܐ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
bysht'
Morphology
probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences
352
ܕܝܢ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma
ܕܝܢ
Transliteration
dyn
Morphology
possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences
951
ܕܥܒܕ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
d'bd
Morphology
Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences
246
ܨܐܕܝܟܘܢ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
s'dykwn
Morphology
possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending
Occurrences
3
ܕܡܛܪܝܘܣ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
dmtryws
Morphology
Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences
38
ܡܠܟܐ
Confidence
medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Transliteration
malka
Morphology
noun, masculine emphatic singular
Gloss
king
Occurrences
1870
ܟܬܒܢ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
ktbn
Morphology
Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences
5
ܘܫܠܚܢ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
wshlhn
Morphology
Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences
1
ܠܗ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma
ܠܗ
Transliteration
lh
Morphology
Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences
2252
ܕܠܡܢܐ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
dlmn'
Morphology
probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences
5
ܐܘܩܪܬ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
'wqrt
Morphology
possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending
Occurrences
1
ܘܐܥܫܢܬ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
w''shnt
Morphology
possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences
3
ܢܝܪܟ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
nyrk
Morphology
Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences
3
ܥܠ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma
ܥܠ
Transliteration
'l
Morphology
Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences
3346
ܪ̈ܚܡܝܢ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
rhmyn
Morphology
possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
Occurrences
8
ܘܡܥܕܪ̈ܢܝܢ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
wm'drnyn
Morphology
possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences
2
ܝܗܘ̈ܕܝܐ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
yhwdy'
Morphology
probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences
102
Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Sed et de malis, quæ Demetrius rex fecit in eos, scripsimus ei, dicentes: Quare gravasti jugum tuum super amicos nostros, et socios Judæos?

23 word entries
sed
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
sed
Transliteration
sed
Morphology
GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Occurrences
1637
et
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
et
Transliteration
et
Morphology
GreLa POS: adverb
Gloss
and
Part of Speech
conjunction
Definition
and, also, even
Etymology
Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences
50526
de
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
de
Transliteration
de
Morphology
GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences
4779
malis
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
malus
Transliteration
malis
Morphology
GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences
671
quae
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
qui
Transliteration
quae
Morphology
GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences
15011
Demetrius
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Transliteration
Demetrius
Morphology
GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences
49
rex
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
rex
Transliteration
rex
Morphology
GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences
2981
fecit
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
facio
Transliteration
fecit
Morphology
GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences
4719
in
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
in
Transliteration
in
Morphology
GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Gloss
in
Part of Speech
preposition
Definition
in, into, among, on
Etymology
Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
Occurrences
22264
eos
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
is
Transliteration
eos
Morphology
GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences
17810
scripsimus
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
scribo
Transliteration
scripsimus
Morphology
GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences
451
ei
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
is
Transliteration
ei
Morphology
GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences
17810
dicentes
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
dico
Transliteration
dicentes
Morphology
GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences
6477
quare
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
quare
Transliteration
quare
Morphology
GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences
224
gravasti
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
grauo
Transliteration
gravasti
Morphology
GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences
22
iugum
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
iugum
Transliteration
iugum
Morphology
GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences
69
tuum
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
tuus
Transliteration
tuum
Morphology
GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences
5615
super
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
super
Transliteration
super
Morphology
GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences
3146
amicos
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
amicus
Transliteration
amicos
Morphology
GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences
220
nostros
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
noster
Transliteration
nostros
Morphology
GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences
1263
et
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
et
Transliteration
et
Morphology
GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss
and
Part of Speech
conjunction
Definition
and, also, even
Etymology
Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences
50526
socios
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
socius
Transliteration
socios
Morphology
GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences
56
Iudaeos
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
Iudaei
Transliteration
Iudaeos
Morphology
GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences
362
Chapter 8 · 8 of 16 available Verse 31 of 32