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World English Bible Updated

Job 28

World English Bible Updated, Verse 3

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³ Man sets an end to darkness, and searches out, to the furthest bound, the stones of obscurity and of thick darkness.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Job 28:3. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 62

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

קֵ֤ץ ׀ שָׂ֤ם לַחֹ֗שֶׁךְ וּֽלְכָל־תַּ֭כְלִית ה֣וּא חוֹקֵ֑ר אֶ֖בֶן אֹ֣פֶל וְצַלְמָֽוֶת׃

10 word entries

קֵ֤ץ

Lemma: 7093
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H7093
Occurrences: 30

שָׂ֤ם

Lemma: 7760 a
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal participle active
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H7760
Occurrences: 271

לַחֹ֗שֶׁךְ

Lemma: l/2822
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H2822
Occurrences: 3

וּֽלְכָל

Lemma: c/l/3605
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + preposition + noun common masculine singular construct
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H3605
Occurrences: 69

תַּ֭כְלִית

Lemma: 8503
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H8503
Occurrences: 5

ה֣וּא

Lemma: 1931
Morphology: Hebrew: pronoun
Part of Speech: pronoun
Strong's: H1931
Occurrences: 1188

חוֹקֵ֑ר

Lemma: 2713
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal participle active
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H2713
Occurrences: 19

אֶ֖בֶן

Lemma: 68
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine singular construct
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H68
Occurrences: 146

אֹ֣פֶל

Lemma: 652
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H652
Occurrences: 7

וְצַלְמָֽוֶת

Lemma: c/6757
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H6757
Occurrences: 6

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Τάξιν ἔθετο σκότει, καὶ πᾶν πέρας αὐτὸς ἐξακριβάζεται, λίθος σκοτία, καὶ σκιὰ θανάτου.

13 word entries

Τάξιν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: τάξιν
Transliteration: taxin
Morphology: accusative singular feminine or third-declension accusative pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 10

ἔθετο

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: τίθημι
Transliteration: etheto
Morphology: verb, aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular
Gloss: he/she/it placed, set
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: To put, place, set.
Occurrences: 81

σκότει

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: σκότει
Transliteration: skotei
Morphology: dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 31

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

πᾶν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: πᾶς
Transliteration: pas
Morphology: adjective, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: all, every
Part of Speech: adjective
Definition: All, every, whole.
Occurrences: 6138

πέρας

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: πέρας
Transliteration: peras
Morphology: accusative plural feminine or genitive singular feminine pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 38

αὐτὸς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

ἐξακριβάζεται

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἐξακριβάζεται
Transliteration: exakribazetai
Morphology: verb, present/future middle-passive form, 3rd singular
Gloss: he/she/it ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

λίθος

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: λίθος
Transliteration: lithos
Morphology: nominative masculine singular or genitive neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 209

σκοτία

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: σκοτία
Transliteration: skotia
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

σκιὰ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: σκιὰ
Transliteration: skia
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 17

θανάτου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: θάνατος
Transliteration: thanatos
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: death
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Death.
Occurrences: 301

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܩܨܐ ܣܡ ܠܚܫܘܟܐ ܘܠܟܠ ܣܘܦܐ ܗܘ ܝ̇ܕܥ ܟܐܦܐ ܕܚܒܪܐ ܘܛܠܠܗ ܕܡܘܬܐ

11 word entries

ܩܨܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܩܨܐ
Transliteration: qs'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 5

ܣܡ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܣܡ
Transliteration: sm
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 21

ܠܚܫܘܟܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܚܫܘܟܐ
Transliteration: lhshwk'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 9

ܘܠܟܠ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܠܟܠ
Transliteration: wlkl
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 36

ܣܘܦܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܣܘܦܐ
Transliteration: swp'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 7

ܗܘ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܗܘ
Transliteration: hu
Morphology: pronoun/copula, masculine singular
Gloss: he, it, is
Occurrences: 2003

ܝ̇ܕܥ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܝܕܥ
Transliteration: yd'
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 215

ܟܐܦܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܟܐܦܐ
Transliteration: k'p'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 107

ܕܚܒܪܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܚܒܪܐ
Transliteration: dhbr'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 2

ܘܛܠܠܗ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܛܠܠܗ
Transliteration: wtllh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 2

ܕܡܘܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܡܘܬܐ
Transliteration: dmwt'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 46

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

סוֹף שַׁוֵי לַחֲשׁוֹכָא וּלְכָל סוֹפָא הוּא מְפַשְׁפֵּשׁ אַבְנִין מְפוּלָמָן דְמִתַּמָן נְפַק חֲשׁוֹךְ וְטוֹלֵי מוֹתָא׃

14 word entries

סוֹף

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: סוף
Transliteration: swp
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 100

שַׁוֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שוי
Transliteration: shwy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 94

לַחֲשׁוֹכָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חשוכא
Transliteration: lchshwk'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 46

וּלְכָל

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: לכל
Transliteration: wlkl
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 312

סוֹפָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: סופא
Transliteration: swp'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 27

הוּא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: הוא
Transliteration: hw'
Morphology: personal/demonstrative pronoun
Gloss: he, it
Occurrences: 992

מְפַשְׁפֵּשׁ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: פשפש
Transliteration: mpshpsh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 2

אַבְנִין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אבנין
Transliteration: 'bnyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 46

מְפוּלָמָן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: פולמן
Transliteration: mpwlmn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 1

דְמִתַּמָן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: מתמן
Transliteration: dmtmn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 10

נְפַק

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: נפק
Transliteration: npq
Morphology: verbal root נפק
Gloss: went out, came forth
Occurrences: 177

חֲשׁוֹךְ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חשוך
Transliteration: chshwk
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 23

וְטוֹלֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: טולי
Transliteration: wtwly
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 10

מוֹתָא׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ותא
Transliteration: mwt'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 64

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Tempus posuit tenebris, et universorum finem ipse considerat: lapidem quoque caliginis et umbram mortis.

14 word entries

tempus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: tempus
Transliteration: tempus
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 761

posuit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: pono
Transliteration: posuit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 894

tenebris

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: tenebrae
Transliteration: tenebris
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 162

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

universorum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: uniuersus
Transliteration: universorum
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 889

finem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: finis
Transliteration: finem
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 331

ipse

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ipse
Transliteration: ipse
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 2134

considerat

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: considero
Transliteration: considerat
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 111

lapidem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: lapis
Transliteration: lapidem
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 330

quoque

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: quoque
Transliteration: quoque
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 773

caliginis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: caligo
Transliteration: caliginis
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 48

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

umbram

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: umbra
Transliteration: umbram
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 65

mortis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: mors
Transliteration: mortis
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 408

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Job 28

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

Ecclesiastes 1:13

Luke 16:8

Proverbs 2:4

Habakkuk 2:13

Job 12:22

Matthew 6:33