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World English Bible Updated

Isaiah 40

World English Bible Updated, Verse 19

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¹⁹ A workman has cast an image, and the goldsmith overlays it with gold, and casts silver chains for it.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Isaiah 40:19. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 57

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

הַפֶּ֙סֶל֙ נָסַ֣ךְ חָרָ֔שׁ וְצֹרֵ֖ף בַּזָּהָ֣ב יְרַקְּעֶ֑נּוּ וּרְתֻק֥וֹת כֶּ֖סֶף צוֹרֵֽף׃

9 word entries

הַפֶּ֨סֶל֙

Lemma: d/6459
Morphology: Hebrew: particle definite article + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H6459
Occurrences: 3

נָסַ֣ךְ

Lemma: 5258 a
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H5258
Occurrences: 9

חָרָ֔שׁ

Lemma: 2796
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H2796
Occurrences: 19

וְצֹרֵ֖ף

Lemma: c/6884
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + verb qal participle active
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H6884
Occurrences: 5

בַּזָּהָ֣ב

Lemma: b/2091
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H2091
Occurrences: 8

יְרַקְּעֶ֑נּוּ

Lemma: 7554
Morphology: Hebrew: verb piel imperfect 3rd person masculine singular + suffix
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H7554
Occurrences: 6

וּרְתֻק֥וֹת

Lemma: c/7577
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + noun common feminine plural construct
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H7577
Occurrences: 1

כֶּ֖סֶף

Lemma: 3701
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3701
Occurrences: 235

צוֹרֵֽף

Lemma: 6884
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal participle active
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H6884
Occurrences: 23

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Μὴ εἰκόνα ἐποίησε τέκτων, ἢ χρυσοχόος χωνεύσας χρυσίον περιεχρύσωσεν αὐτὸν, ὁμοίωμα κατεσκεύασεν αὐτόν;

13 word entries

Μὴ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: μή
Transliteration: me
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not, lest
Part of Speech: particle
Definition: Negative particle commonly used with non-indicative moods.
Occurrences: 2979

εἰκόνα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: εἰκόνα
Transliteration: eikona
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 17

ἐποίησε

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ποιέω
Transliteration: epoiese
Morphology: verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd singular
Gloss: he/she/it made, did
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: To make, do, perform, or produce.
Strong's: G4160
Occurrences: 2253

τέκτων

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: τέκτων
Transliteration: tekton
Morphology: Greek -ων form; often genitive plural noun/adjective or nominative masculine participle
Gloss: of ... / being ...
Part of Speech: participle/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 10

ἢ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἤ
Transliteration: e
Morphology: disjunctive/comparative particle
Gloss: or, than
Part of Speech: conjunction/particle
Definition: Disjunctive or comparative particle.
Occurrences: 931

χρυσοχόος

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: χρυσοχόος
Transliteration: chrysochoos
Morphology: nominative masculine singular or genitive neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 3

χωνεύσας

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: χωνεύσας
Transliteration: choneysas
Morphology: aorist active participle nominative masculine singular pattern, or 2nd singular verb depending on context
Gloss: having ...
Part of Speech: participle/verb form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

χρυσίον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: χρυσίον
Transliteration: chrysion
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
Gloss: gold
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Gold.
Occurrences: 279

περιεχρύσωσεν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: περιεχρύσωσεν
Transliteration: periechrysosen
Morphology: verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss: he/she ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

αὐτὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

ὁμοίωμα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ὁμοίωμα
Transliteration: omoioma
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 33

κατεσκεύασεν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: κατεσκεύασεν
Transliteration: kateskeyasen
Morphology: verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss: he/she ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 5

αὐτόν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܨܠܡܐ ܗܘ ܕܥܒܕ ܢܓܪܐ ܘܩܝܢܝܐ ܒܕܗܒܐ ܩܪܡܗ ܘܣܐܡܐ ܨܪܝܦܐ

9 word entries

ܨܠܡܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܨܠܡܐ
Transliteration: slm'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 15

ܗܘ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܗܘ
Transliteration: hu
Morphology: pronoun/copula, masculine singular
Gloss: he, it, is
Occurrences: 2003

ܕܥܒܕ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܥܒܕ
Transliteration: d'bd
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 246

ܢܓܪܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܢܓܪܐ
Transliteration: ngr'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 14

ܘܩܝܢܝܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܩܝܢܝܐ
Transliteration: wqyny'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 2

ܒܕܗܒܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܒܕܗܒܐ
Transliteration: bdhb'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences: 16

ܩܪܡܗ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܩܪܡܗ
Transliteration: qrmh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 3

ܘܣܐܡܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܣܐܡܐ
Transliteration: ws'm'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 17

ܨܪܝܦܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܨܪܝܦܐ
Transliteration: sryp'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 1

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

הָא צִלְמָא נַגְרָא עֲבֵיד וְקֵינָאָה בִּדְהַב מְחַפֵּי לֵיהּ וְשַׁלְשְׁלַן דִכְסַף קֵינָאָה מְאָחֵיד לֵיהּ׃

13 word entries

הָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: הא
Transliteration: h'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 704

צִלְמָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: צלמא
Transliteration: tslm'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 8

נַגְרָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: נגרא
Transliteration: ngr'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 2

עֲבֵיד

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עביד
Transliteration: 'byd
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 140

וְקֵינָאָה

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קינאה
Transliteration: wqyn'h
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 5

בִּדְהַב

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: דהב
Transliteration: bdhb
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 59

מְחַפֵּי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חפי
Transliteration: mchpy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 22

לֵיהּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ליה
Transliteration: lyh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1154

וְשַׁלְשְׁלַן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שלשלן
Transliteration: wshlshln
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 11

דִכְסַף

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: כסף
Transliteration: dksp
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 68

קֵינָאָה

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קינאה
Transliteration: qyn'h
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 5

מְאָחֵיד

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אחיד
Transliteration: m'chyd
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 17

לֵיהּ׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ליה
Transliteration: lyh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1154

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Numquid sculptile conflavit faber? aut aurifex auro figuravit illud, et laminis argenteis argentarius?

13 word entries

numquid

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: numquid
Transliteration: numquid
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 408

sculptile

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sculptilis
Transliteration: sculptile
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 32

conflavit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: conflo
Transliteration: conflavit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 22

faber

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: faber
Transliteration: faber
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 23

aut

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: aut
Transliteration: aut
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 509

aurifex

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: aurifex
Transliteration: aurifex
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 4

auro

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: aurum
Transliteration: auro
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 314

figuravit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: figuro
Transliteration: figuravit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 4

illud

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ille
Transliteration: illud
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 4947

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

lamminis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: lamina
Transliteration: lamminis
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 25

argenteis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: argenteus
Transliteration: argenteis
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 99

argentarius

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: argentarius
Transliteration: argentarius
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 4

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Isaiah 40

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Ranked cross references

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Judges 17:4

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Psalms 135:15

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