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Jump to a verse in Isaiah 32

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World English Bible Updated

Isaiah 32

World English Bible Updated, Verse 19

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¹⁹ though hail flattens the forest, and the city is leveled completely.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Isaiah 32:19. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 55

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

וּבָרַ֖ד בְּרֶ֣דֶת הַיָּ֑עַר וּבַשִּׁפְלָ֖ה תִּשְׁפַּ֥ל הָעִֽיר׃

6 word entries

וּבָרַ֖ד

Lemma: c/1258
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + verb qal sequential perfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H1258
Occurrences: 1

בְּרֶ֣דֶת

Lemma: b/3381
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + verb qal infinitive construct
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H3381
Occurrences: 7

הַיָּ֑עַר

Lemma: d/3293 a
Morphology: Hebrew: particle definite article + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H3293
Occurrences: 12

וּבַשִּׁפְלָ֖ה

Lemma: c/b/8218
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + preposition + noun common feminine singular absolute
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H8218
Occurrences: 1

תִּשְׁפַּ֥ל

Lemma: 8213
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal imperfect 3rd person feminine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H8213
Occurrences: 19

הָעִֽיר

Lemma: d/5892 b
Morphology: Hebrew: particle definite article + noun common feminine singular absolute
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H5892
Occurrences: 390

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Ἡ δὲ χάλαζα ἐὰν καταβῇ, οὐκ ἐφʼ ὑμᾶς ἥξει· καὶ ἔσονται οἱ ἐνοικοῦντες ἐν τοῖς δρυμοῖς πεποιθότες, ὡς οἱ ἐν τῷ πεδινῇ.

22 word entries

Ἡ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

δὲ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: δέ
Transliteration: de
Morphology: postpositive conjunction/particle
Gloss: but, and, now
Part of Speech: conjunction/particle
Definition: Postpositive connective conjunction.
Occurrences: 4634

χάλαζα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: χάλαζα
Transliteration: chalaza
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 18

ἐὰν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐάν
Transliteration: ean
Morphology: conditional particle
Gloss: if, whenever
Part of Speech: conditional particle
Definition: Conditional particle, often with subjunctive.
Occurrences: 1253

καταβῇ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: καταβῇ
Transliteration: katab
Morphology: nominative feminine singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 5

οὐκ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: οὐ
Transliteration: ou
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Part of Speech: particle
Definition: Negative particle before rough breathing.
Occurrences: 5892

ἐφʼ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐπί
Transliteration: eph
Morphology: preposition, elided form
Gloss: on, upon, over, against
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided/aspirated form of the preposition ἐπί.
Occurrences: 6685

ὑμᾶς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: σύ
Transliteration: sy
Morphology: pronoun, nominative second-person singular
Gloss: you
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Second-person personal pronoun.
Occurrences: 12950

ἥξει

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἥκω
Transliteration: hexei
Morphology: verb, future active indicative, 3rd singular
Gloss: he/she/it will come
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: To have come, be present, or arrive.
Occurrences: 133

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

ἔσονται

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: εἰμί
Transliteration: esontai
Morphology: verb, future middle indicative, 3rd plural
Gloss: they will be
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: To be or exist.
Strong's: G1510
Occurrences: 5427

οἱ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ἐνοικοῦντες

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἐνοικοῦντες
Transliteration: enoikoyntes
Morphology: present active participle, nominative masculine plural contracted pattern
Gloss: doing ...
Part of Speech: participle
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 13

ἐν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐν
Transliteration: en
Morphology: preposition with dative
Gloss: in, among, with
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the dative.
Strong's: G1722
Occurrences: 13086

τοῖς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

δρυμοῖς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: δρυμοῖς
Transliteration: drymois
Morphology: dative plural masculine/neuter pattern
Gloss: to/for ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 3

πεποιθότες

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: πεποιθότες
Transliteration: pepoithotes
Morphology: perfect active participle, nominative masculine plural pattern
Gloss: having ...
Part of Speech: participle
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 31

ὡς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὡς
Transliteration: hos
Morphology: comparative conjunction/adverb
Gloss: as, like, when
Part of Speech: conjunction/adverb
Definition: Comparative or temporal conjunction/adverb.
Occurrences: 1899

οἱ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ἐν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐν
Transliteration: en
Morphology: preposition with dative
Gloss: in, among, with
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the dative.
Strong's: G1722
Occurrences: 13086

τῷ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

πεδινῇ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: πεδινῇ
Transliteration: pedin
Morphology: nominative feminine singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 11

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܘܒܪܕܐ ܢܚܘܬ ܥܠ ܥܒܐ ܘܐܝܟ ܦܩܥܬܐ ܬܬܡܟܟ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ

8 word entries

ܘܒܪܕܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܒܪܕܐ
Transliteration: wbrd'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 2

ܢܚܘܬ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܢܚܘܬ
Transliteration: nhwt
Morphology: possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending
Occurrences: 9

ܥܠ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܠ
Transliteration: 'l
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 3346

ܥܒܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܒܐ
Transliteration: 'b'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 30

ܘܐܝܟ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܐܝܟ
Transliteration: w'yk
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 326

ܦܩܥܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܦܩܥܬܐ
Transliteration: pq't'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 19

ܬܬܡܟܟ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܬܬܡܟܟ
Transliteration: ttmkk
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 4

ܡܕܝܢܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܕܝܢܬܐ
Transliteration: mdynt'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 206

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

וְיֵחוֹת בַּרְדָא וְיִקְטֵיל מַשִׁרְיַת עַמְמַיָא פַּלְחֵי טַעֲוָתָא וְיִצְדוּן וִיסוּפוּן דָיְרֵיהוֹן׃

10 word entries

וְיֵחוֹת

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יחות
Transliteration: wychwt
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 14

בַּרְדָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: רדא
Transliteration: brd'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 16

וְיִקְטֵיל

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יקטיל
Transliteration: wyqtyl
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 6

מַשִׁרְיַת

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שרית
Transliteration: mshryt
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 76

עַמְמַיָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עממיא
Transliteration: 'mmy'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 635

פַּלְחֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: פלחי
Transliteration: plchy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 65

טַעֲוָתָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: טעותא
Transliteration: t'wt'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 113

וְיִצְדוּן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יצדון
Transliteration: wytsdwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 23

וִיסוּפוּן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יסופון
Transliteration: wyswpwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 30

דָיְרֵיהוֹן׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יריהון
Transliteration: dyryhwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 2

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Grando autem in descensione saltus, et humilitate humiliabitur civitas.

9 word entries

grando

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: grando
Transliteration: grando
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 40

autem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: autem
Transliteration: autem
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 5069

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: in
Transliteration: in
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Gloss: in
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: in, into, among, on
Etymology: Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
Occurrences: 22264

descensione

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: descensio
Transliteration: descensione
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 1

saltus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: saltus
Transliteration: saltus
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 44

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

humilitate

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: humilitas
Transliteration: humilitate
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 35

humiliabitur

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: humilio
Transliteration: humiliabitur
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 132

civitas

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ciuitas
Transliteration: civitas
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 1108

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

Isaiah 28:17

I will make justice the measuring line, and righteousness the plumb line. The hail will sweep away the refuge of lies, and the waters will overflow the hiding place.

5 relevance votes

Isaiah 30:30

The LORD will cause his glorious voice to be heard, and will show the descent of his arm, with the indignation of his anger and the flame of a devouring fire, with a blast, storm, and hailstones.

4 relevance votes

Isaiah 28:2

Behold, the Lord has one who is mighty and strong. Like a storm of hail, a destroying storm, and like a storm of mighty waters overflowing, he will cast them down to the earth with his hand.

4 relevance votes

Isaiah 26:5

For he has brought down those who dwell on high, the lofty city. He lays it low. He lays it low even to the ground. He brings it even to the dust.

4 relevance votes

Zechariah 11:2

Wail, cypress tree, for the cedar has fallen, because the stately ones are destroyed. Wail, you oaks of Bashan, for the strong forest has come down.

3 relevance votes

Matthew 7:25

The rain came down, the floods came, and the winds blew and beat on that house; and it didn’t fall, for it was founded on the rock.

2 relevance votes

Isaiah 37:24

By your servants, you have defied the Lord, and have said, “With the multitude of my chariots I have come up to the height of the mountains, to the innermost parts of Lebanon. I will cut down its tall cedars and its choice cypress trees. I will enter into its farthest height, the forest of its fruitful field.

2 relevance votes

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Isaiah 32

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

Isaiah 28:17

Isaiah 30:30

Isaiah 28:2

Isaiah 26:5

Zechariah 11:2

Matthew 7:25

Isaiah 37:24

Nahum 1:8

Isaiah 10:19

Revelation 18:21

Isaiah 25:4

Isaiah 24:10