18 So then, he has mercy on whom he desires, and he hardens whom he desires.
World English Bible, Catholic Edition
Romans 9
World English Bible, Catholic Edition, Verse 18
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Original Language
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Romans 9:18. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
Panels
4
Word Entries
36
Editorial Notes
0
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Greek Textus Receptus
Greek · Greek New Testament · Public Domain
Coverage: New Testament
Greek New Testament source layer with imported morphology.
Ἄρα οὖν ὃν θέλει ἐλεεῖ· ὃν δὲ θέλει σκληρύνει.
9 word entries
Ἄρα
οὖν
ὃν
θέλει
ἐλεεῖ
ὃν
δὲ
θέλει
Tischendorf / Westcott-Hort Greek New Testament
Greek · Greek New Testament · Public Domain
Coverage: New Testament sample / proof panel
Proof-of-flow source panel, not full coverage.
ἄρα οὖν ὃν θέλει ἐλεεῖ, ὃν δὲ θέλει σκληρύνει.
9 word entries
Syriac Peshitta New Testament
Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License
Coverage: New Testament
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܡܕܝܢ ܥܠ ܡܢ ܕܨܒܐ ܗܘ ܡܪܚܡ ܘܥܠ ܡܢ ܕܨܒܐ ܡܩܫܐ
10 word entries
ܡܕܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܕܝܢ
- Transliteration
- mdyn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
- Occurrences
- 16
ܥܠ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܥܠ
- Transliteration
- 'l
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 909
ܡܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܢ
- Transliteration
- mn
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 2166
ܕܨܒܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܨܒܐ
- Transliteration
- dsb'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 41
ܗܘ
- Confidence
- medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
- Lemma
- ܗܘ
- Transliteration
- hu
- Morphology
- pronoun/copula, masculine singular
- Gloss
- he, it, is
- Occurrences
- 1648
ܡܪܚܡ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܪܚܡ
- Transliteration
- mrhm
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 1
ܘܥܠ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܥܠ
- Transliteration
- w'l
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 131
ܡܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܢ
- Transliteration
- mn
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 2166
ܕܨܒܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܨܒܐ
- Transliteration
- dsb'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 41
ܡܩܫܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܩܫܐ
- Transliteration
- mqsh'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 1
Latin Vulgate Clementine
Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
Ergo cujus vult miseretur, et quem vult indurat.
8 word entries
ergo
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ergo
- Transliteration
- ergo
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 1237
cuius
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- qui
- Transliteration
- cuius
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 15011
vult
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- uolo
- Transliteration
- vult
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 538
miseretur
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- misereor
- Transliteration
- miseretur
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 165
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
quem
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- qui
- Transliteration
- quem
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 15011
vult
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- uolo
- Transliteration
- vult
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 538
indurat
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- induro
- Transliteration
- indurat
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 36
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
Exodus 4:21
The LORD said to Moses, “When you go back into Egypt, see that you do before Pharaoh all the wonders which I have put in your hand, but I will harden his heart and he will not let the people go.
11 relevance votesJoshua 11:20
For it was of the LORD to harden their hearts, to come against Israel in battle, that he might utterly destroy them, that they might have no favor, but that he might destroy them, as the LORD commanded Moses.
11 relevance votesDeuteronomy 2:30
But Sihon king of Heshbon would not let us pass by him, for the LORD your God hardened his spirit and made his heart obstinate, that he might deliver him into your hand, as it is today.
5 relevance votesIsaiah 63:17
O LORD, why do you make us wander from your ways, and harden our heart from your fear? Return for your servants’ sake, the tribes of your inheritance.
3 relevance votesExodus 7:13
Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, and he didn’t listen to them, as the LORD had spoken.
3 relevance votesEphesians 1:6
to the praise of the glory of his grace, by which he freely gave us favor in the Beloved.
0 relevance votes