18 When their drinking is over they sleep with the cult prostitutes, their rulers love shameful ways.
Open English Bible, US Edition
Hosea 4
Open English Bible, US Edition, Verse 18
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Original Language
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Hosea 4:18. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
Panels
5
Word Entries
49
Editorial Notes
0
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Westminster Leningrad Codex
Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain
Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible
Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.
סָ֖ר סָבְאָ֑ם הַזְנֵ֣ה הִזְנ֔וּ אָהֲב֥וּ הֵב֛וּ קָל֖וֹן מָגִנֶּֽיהָ׃
8 word entries
סָ֖ר
סָבְאָ֑ם
הַזְנֵ֣ה
הִזְנ֔וּ
אָהֲב֥וּ
הֵב֛וּ
קָל֖וֹן
Greek Brenton Septuagint
Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain
Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported
Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.
ἠρέτισε Χαναναίους· πορνεύοντες ἐξεπόρνευσαν, ἠγάπησαν ἀτιμίαν ἐκ φρυάγματος αὐτῆς.
9 word entries
ἠρέτισε
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- low
- Confidence note
- Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
- Lemma
- ἠρέτισε
- Transliteration
- eretise
- Morphology
- verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd singular pattern
- Gloss
- he/she ...
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 1
Χαναναίους
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- χαναναίους
- Transliteration
- chananaioys
- Morphology
- accusative plural masculine or genitive singular neuter pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 8
πορνεύοντες
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- low
- Confidence note
- Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
- Lemma
- πορνεύοντες
- Transliteration
- porneyontes
- Morphology
- present active participle, nominative masculine plural pattern
- Gloss
- doing/being ...
- Part of Speech
- participle
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 1
ἐξεπόρνευσαν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- ἐξεπόρνευσαν
- Transliteration
- exeporneysan
- Morphology
- verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd plural pattern
- Gloss
- they ...
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 5
ἠγάπησαν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- ἠγάπησαν
- Transliteration
- egapesan
- Morphology
- verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd plural pattern
- Gloss
- they ...
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 8
ἀτιμίαν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- ἀτιμίαν
- Transliteration
- atimian
- Morphology
- aorist 3rd plural verb pattern or accusative feminine noun pattern depending on context
- Gloss
- they ... / ...
- Part of Speech
- verb/noun form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 22
ἐκ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ἐκ
- Transliteration
- ek
- Morphology
- preposition with genitive
- Gloss
- from, out of
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- Preposition commonly taking the genitive; form before a vowel.
- Occurrences
- 3500
φρυάγματος
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- low
- Confidence note
- Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
- Lemma
- φρυάγματος
- Transliteration
- phryagmatos
- Morphology
- nominative masculine singular or genitive neuter singular pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 1
αὐτῆς
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- αὐτός
- Transliteration
- autos
- Morphology
- pronoun, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- he, himself
- Part of Speech
- pronoun
- Definition
- Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
- Occurrences
- 26672
Syriac Peshitta Old Testament
Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License
Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܟܠܗܘܢ ܙܢܝܘ ܘܪܚܡܘ ܨܥܪܐ ܘܕܚܠܬܐ
5 word entries
ܟܠܗܘܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܟܠܗܘܢ
- Transliteration
- klhwn
- Morphology
- possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending
- Occurrences
- 719
ܙܢܝܘ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܙܢܝܘ
- Transliteration
- znyw
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 2
ܘܪܚܡܘ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܪܚܡܘ
- Transliteration
- wrhmw
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 5
ܨܥܪܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܨܥܪܐ
- Transliteration
- s'r'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 14
ܘܕܚܠܬܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܕܚܠܬܐ
- Transliteration
- wdhlt'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 10
Targumim on Prophets and Writings
Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain
Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.
Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.
שִׁלְטוֹנֵיהוֹן אַסְגִיאוּ שִׁירְוָן מִן אוֹנֶס בְּכֵן טָעוּ וְאִתְפְּנִיאוּ בָּתַר זְנוּתָא רְחִימוּ דְתֵיתֵי לְהוֹן קְלָנָא רַבְרְבֵיהוֹן׃
15 word entries
שִׁלְטוֹנֵיהוֹן
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- שלטוניהון
- Transliteration
- shltwnyhwn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 5
אַסְגִיאוּ
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- אסגיאו
- Transliteration
- 'sgy'w
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 16
שִׁירְוָן
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- שירון
- Transliteration
- shyrwn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 1
מִן
- Confidence
- medium aramaic rule-aligned
- Note
- Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
- Lemma
- מן
- Transliteration
- mn
- Morphology
- preposition
- Gloss
- from, out of, than
- Occurrences
- 2836
אוֹנֶס
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- אונס
- Transliteration
- 'wns
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 16
בְּכֵן
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- בכן
- Transliteration
- bkn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 357
טָעוּ
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- טעו
- Transliteration
- t'w
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 45
וְאִתְפְּנִיאוּ
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- אתפניאו
- Transliteration
- w'tpny'w
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 16
בָּתַר
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- בתר
- Transliteration
- btr
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 428
זְנוּתָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- זנותא
- Transliteration
- znwt'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 2
רְחִימוּ
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- רחימו
- Transliteration
- rchymw
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 6
דְתֵיתֵי
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- תיתי
- Transliteration
- dtyty
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 48
לְהוֹן
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- הון
- Transliteration
- lhwn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 1262
קְלָנָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- קלנא
- Transliteration
- qln'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 24
רַבְרְבֵיהוֹן׃
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- רברביהון
- Transliteration
- rbrbyhwn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 8
Latin Vulgate Clementine
Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
Separatum est convivium eorum; fornicatione fornicati sunt: dilexerunt afferre ignominiam protectores ejus.
12 word entries
separatum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- separo
- Transliteration
- separatum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 89
est
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sum
- Transliteration
- est
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 20614
convivium
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- conuiuium
- Transliteration
- convivium
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 67
eorum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- is
- Transliteration
- eorum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 17810
fornicatione
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- fornicatio
- Transliteration
- fornicatione
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 70
fornicati
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- fornicor
- Transliteration
- fornicati
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 63
sunt
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sum
- Transliteration
- sunt
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 20614
dilexerunt
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- diligo
- Transliteration
- dilexerunt
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 338
adferre
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- affero
- Transliteration
- adferre
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 174
ignominiam
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ignominia
- Transliteration
- ignominiam
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 51
protectores
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- protector
- Transliteration
- protectores
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 23
eius
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- is
- Transliteration
- eius
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 17810
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
Micah 3:11
“The leaders render judgment for a bribe, and her priests give oracles for a reward, and her prophets divine for silver. Yet they claim to rely on the Lord , ‘The Lord ’, they say, ‘is in our midst. Evil cannot overtake us.’
3 relevance votesMicah 7:3
Their hands know well how to do evil, the officer and judge demands a bribe, the high official decides as he pleases and they conspire to pervert justice.
2 relevance votesDeuteronomy 16:19
2 relevance votes1 Samuel 8:3
2 relevance votesExodus 23:8
2 relevance votesHosea 4:10
They will eat and not be satisfied, they will sleep around but stay childless, because they have abandoned the Lord to give themselves to
2 relevance votesJeremiah 2:21
2 relevance votesAmos 5:12
For I know how many are your crimes, and how great are your sins! You persecutors of the righteous, takers of bribes! You deny the poor their justice at the city gate.
2 relevance votesHosea 4:2
but cursing, lying, and murder, stealing, committing adultery, and deeds of violence, and acts of bloodshed quickly follow each other.
2 relevance votesPsalms 47:9
Princes of nations gather with the people of Abraham’s God: for the shields of the earth are God’s; greatly exalted is he.
2 relevance votes