Hosea 2

George Noyes Bible, Verse 3

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³ Lest I make her as the desert, and like a parched land, And kill her with thirst.

Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Hosea 2:3. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 57

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

אִמְר֥וּ לַאֲחֵיכֶ֖ם עַמִּ֑י וְלַאֲחֽוֹתֵיכֶ֖ם רֻחָֽמָה׃

5 word entries

אִמְר֥וּ

Lemma: 559
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal imperative 2rd person masculine plural
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H559
Occurrences: 1301

לַאֲחֵיכֶ֖ם

Lemma: l/251
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common masculine plural construct + suffix
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H251
Occurrences: 36

עַמִּ֑י

Lemma: 5971 a
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H5971
Occurrences: 682

וְלַאֲחֽוֹתֵיכֶ֖ם

Lemma: c/l/269
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + preposition + noun common feminine plural construct + suffix
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H269
Occurrences: 4

רֻחָֽמָה

Lemma: 7355
Morphology: Hebrew: verb pual perfect 3rd person feminine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H7355
Occurrences: 32

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Εἴπατε τῷ ἀδελφῷ ὑμῶν, λαός μου, καὶ τῇ ἀδελφῇ ὑμῶν, ἠλεημένη.

11 word entries

Εἴπατε

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: λέγω
Transliteration: eipate
Morphology: verb, aorist active imperative or indicative, 2nd plural
Gloss: say; you said
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: To say or speak.
Occurrences: 5490

τῷ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ἀδελφῷ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀδελφός
Transliteration: adelphos
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: brother
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Brother, kinsman, or member of a people.
Occurrences: 739

ὑμῶν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: σύ
Transliteration: sy
Morphology: pronoun, nominative second-person singular
Gloss: you
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Second-person personal pronoun.
Occurrences: 12950

λαός

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: λαός
Transliteration: laos
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: people
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: People, nation, or community.
Occurrences: 1841

μου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐγώ
Transliteration: ego
Morphology: pronoun, nominative first-person singular
Gloss: I
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: First-person personal pronoun.
Occurrences: 11445

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

τῇ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ἀδελφῇ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἀδελφῇ
Transliteration: adelph
Morphology: nominative feminine singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 9

ὑμῶν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: σύ
Transliteration: sy
Morphology: pronoun, nominative second-person singular
Gloss: you
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Second-person personal pronoun.
Occurrences: 12950

ἠλεημένη

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἠλεημένη
Transliteration: eleemene
Morphology: nominative feminine singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܩܪܘ ܠܐܚܝܟܘܢ ܥܡܝ ܘܠܐܚܘܬܟܘܢ ܪܚܝܡܬܐ

5 word entries

ܩܪܘ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܩܪܘ
Transliteration: qrw
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 29

ܠܐܚܝܟܘܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܐܚܝܟܘܢ
Transliteration: l'hykwn
Morphology: possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 4

ܥܡܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܡܝ
Transliteration: 'my
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 164

ܘܠܐܚܘܬܟܘܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܠܐܚܘܬܟܘܢ
Transliteration: wl'hwtkwn
Morphology: possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

ܪܚܝܡܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܪܚܝܡܬܐ
Transliteration: rhymt'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 2

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

נְבִיַיָא אֱמָרוּ לַאֲחֵיכוֹן עַמִי תּוּבוּ לְאוֹרַיְתִי וְעַל כְּנִישַׁתְכוֹן אֲרַחֵם׃

9 word entries

נְבִיַיָא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: נביא
Transliteration: nbyy'
Morphology: noun masculine emphatic/plural by context
Gloss: prophet
Occurrences: 422

אֱמָרוּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אמרו
Transliteration: 'mrw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 310

לַאֲחֵיכוֹן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אחיכון
Transliteration: l'chykwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 9

עַמִי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עמי
Transliteration: 'my
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 427

תּוּבוּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: תובו
Transliteration: twbw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 43

לְאוֹרַיְתִי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אוריתי
Transliteration: l'wryty
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 38

וְעַל

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ועל
Transliteration: w'l
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 516

כְּנִישַׁתְכוֹן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: נישתכון
Transliteration: knyshtkwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 5

אֲרַחֵם׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ארחם
Transliteration: 'rchm
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 14

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

ne forte expoliem eam nudam, et statuam eam secundum diem nativitatis suæ, et ponam eam quasi solitudinem, et statuam eam velut terram inviam, et interficiam eam siti.

27 word entries

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ne
Transliteration: ne
Morphology: GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 1109

forte

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: forte
Transliteration: forte
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 200

expoliem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: expolio
Transliteration: expoliem
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 12

eam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eam
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

nudam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: nudus
Transliteration: nudam
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 52

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

statuam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: statua
Transliteration: statuam
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 45

eam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eam
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

secundum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: secundum
Transliteration: secundum
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 529

diem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: dies
Transliteration: diem
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 2559

nativitatis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: natiuitas
Transliteration: nativitatis
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 23

suae

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: suus
Transliteration: suae
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 5783

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

ponam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: pono
Transliteration: ponam
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 894

eam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eam
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

quasi

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: quasi
Transliteration: quasi
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 989

solitudinem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: solitudo
Transliteration: solitudinem
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 148

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

statuam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: statua
Transliteration: statuam
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 45

eam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eam
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

velut

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: uelut
Transliteration: velut
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 59

terram

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: terra
Transliteration: terram
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Gloss: earth
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: earth, land, ground
Etymology: Latin noun behind English terrestrial and terrain.
Occurrences: 3087

inviam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: inuius
Transliteration: inviam
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 17

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

interficiam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: interficio
Transliteration: interficiam
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 407

eam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eam
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

siti

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sitis
Transliteration: siti
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 25

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

Ezekiel 16:22

And in all thine abominations and thy fornications, thou didst not remember the days of thy youth, when thou wast naked and bare, and in danger of being trampled under foot in thy blood.

6 relevance votes

Jeremiah 13:22

And if thou say in thine heart, “Wherefore are these things coming upon me?” For the greatness of thy iniquity are thy skirts uncovered, And thy heels made bare.

4 relevance votes

Ezekiel 19:13

And now she is planted in the desert, In a dry and thirsty land.

4 relevance votes

Exodus 17:3

3 relevance votes

Jeremiah 22:6

For thus saith Jehovah to the house of the king of Judah: Gilead art thou to me, yea, the summit of Lebanon; Yet will I make thee a desert, As cities not inhabited.

3 relevance votes

Isaiah 33:9

The land mourneth and languisheth; Lebanon is put to shame, and withered away; Sharon is like a desert, And Bashan and Carmel are stripped of their leaves.

2 relevance votes

Jeremiah 17:6

He shall be like a poor wanderer in the desert, Who seeth not when good cometh, But dwelleth in the parched places of the desert, In a salt land, and uninhabited.

2 relevance votes

Jeremiah 2:6

They said not, Where is Jehovah, Who brought us up from the land of Egypt, Who led us through the wilderness, Through a land of deserts and pits, Through a land of drought and deathlike gloom, Through a land which no man passed through, And where no man dwelt?

2 relevance votes

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Hosea 2

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

Ezekiel 16:22

Jeremiah 13:22

Ezekiel 19:13

Exodus 17:3

Jeremiah 22:6

Isaiah 33:9

Jeremiah 17:6

Jeremiah 2:6

Jeremiah 13:26

Jeremiah 4:26

Isaiah 64:10

Jeremiah 51:43