19 The way of the wicked is as darkness; they know not at what they stumble.
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Original Language
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Proverbs 4:19. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
Panels
5
Word Entries
39
Editorial Notes
0
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Westminster Leningrad Codex
Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain
Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible
Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.
דֶּ֣רֶךְ רְ֭שָׁעִים כָּֽאֲפֵלָ֑ה לֹ֥א יָ֝דְע֗וּ בַּמֶּ֥ה יִכָּשֵֽׁלוּ׃ פ
7 word entries
דֶּ֣רֶךְ
רְ֭שָׁעִים
כָּֽאֲפֵלָ֑ה
יָ֝דְע֗וּ
בַּמֶּ֥ה
Greek Brenton Septuagint
Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain
Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported
Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.
Αἱ δὲ ὁδοὶ τῶν ἀσεβῶν σκοτειναὶ, οὐκ οἴδασι πῶς προσκόπτουσιν.
10 word entries
Αἱ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
δὲ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- δέ
- Transliteration
- de
- Morphology
- postpositive conjunction/particle
- Gloss
- but, and, now
- Part of Speech
- conjunction/particle
- Definition
- Postpositive connective conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 4634
ὁδοὶ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- Ὁδοὶ
- Transliteration
- odoi
- Morphology
- proper noun, likely indeclinable or context-dependent inflected form
- Gloss
- Ὁδοὶ
- Part of Speech
- proper noun
- Definition
- Generated proper-name alignment. Exact identity should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 32
τῶν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
ἀσεβῶν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ἀσεβής
- Transliteration
- asebon
- Morphology
- adjective/substantive, genitive plural
- Gloss
- of the ungodly
- Part of Speech
- adjective/substantive
- Definition
- Ungodly, impious, wicked.
- Occurrences
- 143
σκοτειναὶ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- low
- Confidence note
- Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
- Lemma
- σκοτειναὶ
- Transliteration
- skoteinai
- Morphology
- nominative plural feminine or infinitive/verb form depending on context
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective/verb form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 1
οὐκ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- οὐ
- Transliteration
- ou
- Morphology
- negative particle
- Gloss
- not
- Part of Speech
- particle
- Definition
- Negative particle before rough breathing.
- Occurrences
- 5892
οἴδασι
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- οἴδασι
- Transliteration
- oidasi
- Morphology
- dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 8
πῶς
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- πῶς
- Transliteration
- pos
- Morphology
- interrogative adverb
- Gloss
- how?
- Part of Speech
- adverb
- Definition
- Interrogative adverb meaning how.
- Occurrences
- 125
προσκόπτουσιν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- low
- Confidence note
- Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
- Lemma
- προσκόπτουσιν
- Transliteration
- proskoptoysin
- Morphology
- verb, present/future active indicative, 3rd plural
- Gloss
- they ...
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 1
Syriac Peshitta Old Testament
Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License
Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܝܢ ܕܪ̈ܫܝܥܐ ܚܫܘܟܐ ܗܝ ܘܠܐ ܝܕܥܝܢ ܒܡܢܐ ܡܬܬܩܠܝܢ
9 word entries
ܐܘܪܚܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܐܘܪܚܐ
- Transliteration
- 'wrh'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 134
ܕܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܝܢ
- Transliteration
- dyn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 951
ܕܪ̈ܫܝܥܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܪܫܝܥܐ
- Transliteration
- drshy''
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 47
ܚܫܘܟܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܚܫܘܟܐ
- Transliteration
- hshwk'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 37
ܗܝ
- Confidence
- medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
- Lemma
- ܗܝ
- Transliteration
- hi
- Morphology
- pronoun/copula, feminine singular
- Gloss
- she, it, is
- Occurrences
- 578
ܘܠܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܠܐ
- Transliteration
- wl'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 1993
ܝܕܥܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܝܕܥܝܢ
- Transliteration
- yd'yn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
- Occurrences
- 50
ܒܡܢܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܡܢܐ
- Transliteration
- bmn'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 17
ܡܬܬܩܠܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܬܬܩܠܝܢ
- Transliteration
- mttqlyn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
- Occurrences
- 2
Targumim on Prophets and Writings
Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain
Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.
Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.
וְאָרְחָא דְרַשִׁיעֵי חַכֵּירָא וְלָא יָדְעִין בִּמְנָא מִתְתַּקְלִין׃
7 word entries
וְאָרְחָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- ארחא
- Transliteration
- w'rch'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 40
דְרַשִׁיעֵי
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- רשיעי
- Transliteration
- drshy'y
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 98
חַכֵּירָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- חכירא
- Transliteration
- chkyr'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 1
וְלָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- ולא
- Transliteration
- wl'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 1587
יָדְעִין
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- ידעין
- Transliteration
- yd'yn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 48
בִּמְנָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- מנא
- Transliteration
- bmn'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 114
מִתְתַּקְלִין׃
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- תתקלין
- Transliteration
- mttqlyn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 2
Latin Vulgate Clementine
Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
Via impiorum tenebrosa; nesciunt ubi corruant.
6 word entries
via
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- uia
- Transliteration
- via
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 853
impiorum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- impius
- Transliteration
- impiorum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 267
tenebrosa
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- tenebrosus
- Transliteration
- tenebrosa
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 17
nesciunt
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- nescio
- Transliteration
- nesciunt
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 181
ubi
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ubi
- Transliteration
- ubi
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 354
corruant
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- corruo
- Transliteration
- corruant
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 76
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
John 12:35
12 relevance votesJeremiah 23:12
Wherefore their way shall be unto them as slippery places in the darkness, they shall be thrust, and fall therein; for I will bring evil upon them, even the year of their visitation, saith the LORD.
6 relevance votes1 Samuel 2:9
He will keep the feet of His holy ones, but the wicked shall be put to silence in darkness; for not by strength shall man prevail.
5 relevance votesJeremiah 13:16
Give glory to the LORD your God, before it grow dark, and before your feet stumble upon the mountains of twilight, and, while ye look for light, He turn it into the shadow of death, and make it gross darkness.
4 relevance votesJohn 11:10
3 relevance votesJob 12:25
They grope in the dark without light, and He maketh them to stagger like a drunken man.
3 relevance votesJob 18:18
He shall be driven from light into darkness, and chased out of the world.
3 relevance votesMatthew 7:23
3 relevance votesProverbs 2:13
Who leave the paths of uprightness, to walk in the ways of darkness;
3 relevance votesJob 5:14
They meet with darkness in the day-time, and grope at noonday as in the night.
3 relevance votes