28 Mercy and truth preserve the king; and he upholdeth his throne by mercy.
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Original Language
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Proverbs 20:28. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
Panels
5
Word Entries
43
Editorial Notes
0
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Westminster Leningrad Codex
Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain
Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible
Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.
חֶ֣סֶד וֶ֭אֱמֶת יִצְּרוּ־מֶ֑לֶךְ וְסָעַ֖ד בַּחֶ֣סֶד כִּסְאֽוֹ׃
7 word entries
חֶ֣סֶד
וֶ֭אֱמֶת
יִצְּרוּ
מֶ֑לֶךְ
וְסָעַ֖ד
בַּחֶ֣סֶד
Greek Brenton Septuagint
Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain
Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported
Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.
Ἐλεημοσύνη καὶ ἀλήθεια φυλακὴ βασιλεῖ, καὶ περικυκλώσουσιν ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ τὸν θρόνον αὐτοῦ.
12 word entries
Ἐλεημοσύνη
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- ἐλεημοσύνη
- Transliteration
- eleemosyne
- Morphology
- nominative feminine singular pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 17
καὶ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- καί
- Transliteration
- kai
- Morphology
- coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and, also, even
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- Coordinating conjunction.
- Strong's
- G2532
- Occurrences
- 56730
ἀλήθεια
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- ἀλήθεια
- Transliteration
- aletheia
- Morphology
- nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 68
φυλακὴ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- φυλακὴ
- Transliteration
- phylake
- Morphology
- nominative feminine singular pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 8
βασιλεῖ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- βασιλεύς
- Transliteration
- basileus
- Morphology
- noun, masculine nominative singular
- Gloss
- king
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- King or ruler.
- Occurrences
- 3067
καὶ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- καί
- Transliteration
- kai
- Morphology
- coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and, also, even
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- Coordinating conjunction.
- Strong's
- G2532
- Occurrences
- 56730
περικυκλώσουσιν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- low
- Confidence note
- Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
- Lemma
- περικυκλώσουσιν
- Transliteration
- perikyklosoysin
- Morphology
- verb, present/future active indicative, 3rd plural
- Gloss
- they ...
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 2
ἐν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ἐν
- Transliteration
- en
- Morphology
- preposition with dative
- Gloss
- in, among, with
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- Preposition commonly taking the dative.
- Strong's
- G1722
- Occurrences
- 13086
δικαιοσύνῃ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- δικαιοσύνη
- Transliteration
- dikaiosyne
- Morphology
- noun, feminine nominative singular
- Gloss
- righteousness, justice
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- Righteousness, justice, uprightness.
- Occurrences
- 284
τὸν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
θρόνον
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- θρόνος
- Transliteration
- thronon
- Morphology
- noun, masculine accusative singular
- Gloss
- throne
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- Throne, seat, or royal authority.
- Occurrences
- 131
αὐτοῦ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- αὐτός
- Transliteration
- autos
- Morphology
- pronoun, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- he, himself
- Part of Speech
- pronoun
- Definition
- Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
- Occurrences
- 26672
Syriac Peshitta Old Testament
Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License
Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܛܝܒܘܬܐ ܘܩܘܫܬܐ ܢܛܪܝܢ ܠܡܠܟܐ ܘܡܬܩܢ ܟܘܪܣܝܗ ܒܛܝܒܘܬܐ
7 word entries
ܛܝܒܘܬܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܛܝܒܘܬܐ
- Transliteration
- tybwt'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 40
ܘܩܘܫܬܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܩܘܫܬܐ
- Transliteration
- wqwsht'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 13
ܢܛܪܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܢܛܪܝܢ
- Transliteration
- ntryn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
- Occurrences
- 28
ܠܡܠܟܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܠܡܠܟܐ
- Transliteration
- lmlk'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
- Occurrences
- 267
ܘܡܬܩܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܡܬܩܢ
- Transliteration
- wmtqn
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 4
ܟܘܪܣܝܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܟܘܪܣܝܗ
- Transliteration
- kwrsyh
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 39
ܒܛܝܒܘܬܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܛܝܒܘܬܐ
- Transliteration
- btybwt'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 9
Targumim on Prophets and Writings
Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain
Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.
Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.
חֶסְדָא וְקוּשְׁטָא יִנְטְרוּ לְמַלְכָּא וּמְתַקֵן כּוּרְסֵיהּ בְּחִסְדָא׃
7 word entries
חֶסְדָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- חסדא
- Transliteration
- chsd'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 49
וְקוּשְׁטָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- קושטא
- Transliteration
- wqwsht'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 81
יִנְטְרוּ
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- ינטרו
- Transliteration
- yntrw
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 1
לְמַלְכָּא
- Confidence
- medium aramaic rule-aligned
- Note
- Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
- Lemma
- מלך
- Transliteration
- lmlk'
- Morphology
- prefixed preposition ל + noun masculine singular emphatic
- Gloss
- to/for king
- Occurrences
- 2509
וּמְתַקֵן
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- מתקן
- Transliteration
- wmtqn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 10
כּוּרְסֵיהּ
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- ורסיה
- Transliteration
- kwrsyh
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 27
בְּחִסְדָא׃
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- חסדא
- Transliteration
- bchsd'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 49
Latin Vulgate Clementine
Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
Misericordia et veritas custodiunt regem, et roboratur clementia thronus ejus.
10 word entries
misericordia
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- misericordia
- Transliteration
- misericordia
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 362
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
veritas
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ueritas
- Transliteration
- veritas
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 269
custodiunt
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- custodio
- Transliteration
- custodiunt
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 358
regem
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- rex
- Transliteration
- regem
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 2981
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
roboratur
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- roboro
- Transliteration
- roboratur
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 16
clementia
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- clementia
- Transliteration
- clementia
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 10
thronus
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- thronus
- Transliteration
- thronus
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 91
eius
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- is
- Transliteration
- eius
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 17810
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
Proverbs 16:12
It is an abomination to kings to commit wickedness; for the throne is established by righteousness.
6 relevance votesPsalms 101:1
I will sing of loving-kindness and judgment: unto thee, Jehovah, will I sing psalms.
5 relevance votesProverbs 29:14
A king that faithfully judgeth the poor, his throne shall be established for ever.
5 relevance votesPsalms 26:1
Judge me, O Jehovah, for I have walked in mine integrity, and I have confided in Jehovah: I shall not slip.
5 relevance votesProverbs 16:6
By loving-kindness and truth iniquity is atoned for; and by the fear of Jehovah [men] depart from evil.
4 relevance votesPsalms 61:7
He shall abide before God for ever: bestow loving-kindness and truth, that they may preserve him.
4 relevance votesIsaiah 16:5
And a throne shall be established in mercy: and in the tent of David there shall sit upon it, in truth, one judging and seeking justice and hastening righteousness.
4 relevance votesPsalms 21:7
For the king confideth in Jehovah: and through the loving-kindness of the Most High he shall not be moved.
4 relevance votes