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Brenton Septuagint Translation

Proverbs 27

Brenton Septuagint Translation, Verse 17

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¹⁷ Iron sharpens iron; and a man sharpens his friend's countenance.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Proverbs 27:17. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 38

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

בַּרְזֶ֣ל בְּבַרְזֶ֣ל יָ֑חַד וְ֝אִ֗ישׁ יַ֣חַד פְּנֵֽי־רֵעֵֽהוּ׃

7 word entries

בַּרְזֶ֣ל

Lemma: 1270
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H1270
Occurrences: 44

בְּבַרְזֶ֣ל

Lemma: b/1270
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H1270
Occurrences: 3

יָ֑חַד

Lemma: 2300 b
Morphology: Hebrew: verb hiphil imperfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H2300
Occurrences: 2

וְ֝אִ֗ישׁ

Lemma: c/376
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H376
Occurrences: 203

יַ֣חַד

Lemma: 2300 b
Morphology: Hebrew: verb hiphil imperfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H2300
Occurrences: 2

פְּנֵֽי

Lemma: 6440
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common both gender plural construct
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H6440
Occurrences: 630

רֵעֵֽהוּ

Lemma: 7453
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H7453
Occurrences: 129

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Σίδηρος σίδηρον ὀξύνει, ἀνὴρ δὲ παροξύνει πρόσωπον ἑταίρου.

8 word entries

Σίδηρος

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: σίδηρος
Transliteration: sideros
Morphology: nominative masculine singular or genitive neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 21

σίδηρον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: σίδηρον
Transliteration: sideron
Morphology: accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 14

ὀξύνει

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ὀξύνει
Transliteration: oxynei
Morphology: dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

ἀνὴρ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀνήρ
Transliteration: aner
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: man, husband
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Man, male, husband.
Occurrences: 1573

δὲ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: δέ
Transliteration: de
Morphology: postpositive conjunction/particle
Gloss: but, and, now
Part of Speech: conjunction/particle
Definition: Postpositive connective conjunction.
Occurrences: 4634

παροξύνει

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: παροξύνει
Transliteration: paroxynei
Morphology: dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 4

πρόσωπον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: πρόσωπον
Transliteration: prosopon
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
Gloss: face, presence
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Face, presence, person, or front.
Occurrences: 1170

ἑταίρου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἑταίρου
Transliteration: etairoy
Morphology: genitive singular masculine/neuter pattern
Gloss: of ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective/pronoun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 5

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܦܪܙܠܐ ܠܦܪܙܠܐ ܠܛܫ ܘܓܒܪܐ ܠܛܫ ܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܕܚܒܪܗ

7 word entries

ܦܪܙܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܦܪܙܠܐ
Transliteration: przl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 14

ܠܦܪܙܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܦܪܙܠܐ
Transliteration: lprzl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 2

ܠܛܫ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܛܫ
Transliteration: ltsh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 2

ܘܓܒܪܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܓܒܪܐ
Transliteration: wgbr'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 92

ܠܛܫ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܛܫ
Transliteration: ltsh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 2

ܦܪܨܘܦܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܦܪܨܘܦܐ
Transliteration: prswp'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 8

ܕܚܒܪܗ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܚܒܪܗ
Transliteration: dhbrh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 4

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

פַּרְזְלָא בְּפַרְזְלָא לָטִישׁ וְגַבְרָא לָטִישׁ אַפֵּיהּ דְחַבְרֵיהּ׃

7 word entries

פַּרְזְלָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: פרזלא
Transliteration: przl'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 28

בְּפַרְזְלָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: פרזלא
Transliteration: bprzl'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 28

לָטִישׁ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: טיש
Transliteration: ltysh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 2

וְגַבְרָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: גברא
Transliteration: wgbr'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 524

לָטִישׁ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: טיש
Transliteration: ltysh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 2

אַפֵּיהּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אפיה
Transliteration: 'pyh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 3

דְחַבְרֵיהּ׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חבריה
Transliteration: dchbryh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 101

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Ferrum ferro exacuitur, et homo exacuit faciem amici sui.

9 word entries

ferrum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ferrum
Transliteration: ferrum
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 56

ferro

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ferrum
Transliteration: ferro
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 56

acuitur

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: acuo
Transliteration: acuitur
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 6

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

homo

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: homo
Transliteration: homo
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 1653

exacuit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: exacuo
Transliteration: exacuit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 8

faciem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: facies
Transliteration: faciem
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 793

amici

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: amicus
Transliteration: amici
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 220

sui

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: suus
Transliteration: sui
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 5783

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Proverbs 27

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Ranked cross references

Hebrews 10:24

Proverbs 27:9

1 Samuel 23:16

2 Timothy 2:3

James 1:2

2 Timothy 1:8

1 Thessalonians 3:3

2 Timothy 1:12

Joshua 1:18

Joshua 2:24