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Bible in Basic English

Psalms 58

Bible in Basic English, Verse 2

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² The purposes of your hearts are evil; your hands are full of cruel doings on the earth.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Psalms 58:2. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 61

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

הַֽאֻמְנָ֗ם אֵ֣לֶם צֶ֭דֶק תְּדַבֵּר֑וּן מֵישָׁרִ֥ים תִּ֝שְׁפְּט֗וּ בְּנֵ֣י אָדָֽם׃

8 word entries

הַֽאֻמְנָ֗ם

Lemma: i/552
Morphology: Hebrew: particle + adverb
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H552
Occurrences: 4

אֵ֣לֶם

Lemma: 482
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H482
Occurrences: 2

צֶ֭דֶק

Lemma: 6664
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H6664
Occurrences: 89

תְּדַבֵּר֑וּן

Lemma: 1696
Morphology: Hebrew: verb piel imperfect 2rd person masculine plural + suffix
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H1696
Occurrences: 702

מֵישָׁרִ֥ים

Lemma: 4339
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine plural absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H4339
Occurrences: 11

תִּ֝שְׁפְּט֗וּ

Lemma: 8199
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal imperfect 2rd person masculine plural
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H8199
Occurrences: 112

בְּנֵ֣י

Lemma: 1121 a
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine plural construct
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H1121
Occurrences: 4020

אָדָֽם

Lemma: 120
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H120
Occurrences: 338

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Ἐξελοῦ με ἐκ τῶν ἐχθρῶν μου ὁ Θεὸς, καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἐπανισταμένων ἐπʼ ἐμὲ λύτρωσαί με.

16 word entries

Ἐξελοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: Ἐξελοῦ
Transliteration: exeloy
Morphology: proper noun, likely indeclinable or context-dependent inflected form
Gloss: Ἐξελοῦ
Part of Speech: proper noun
Definition: Generated proper-name alignment. Exact identity should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 22

με

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐγώ
Transliteration: ego
Morphology: pronoun, nominative first-person singular
Gloss: I
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: First-person personal pronoun.
Occurrences: 11445

ἐκ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐκ
Transliteration: ek
Morphology: preposition with genitive
Gloss: from, out of
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the genitive; form before a vowel.
Occurrences: 3500

τῶν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ἐχθρῶν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐχθρός
Transliteration: echthron
Morphology: noun/adjective, genitive plural
Gloss: of enemies
Part of Speech: noun/adjective
Definition: Enemy or hostile one.
Occurrences: 210

μου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐγώ
Transliteration: ego
Morphology: pronoun, nominative first-person singular
Gloss: I
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: First-person personal pronoun.
Occurrences: 11445

ὁ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

Θεὸς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: θεός
Transliteration: theos
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: God, god
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: God, deity, or divine being.
Strong's: G2316
Occurrences: 3522

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

ἐκ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐκ
Transliteration: ek
Morphology: preposition with genitive
Gloss: from, out of
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the genitive; form before a vowel.
Occurrences: 3500

τῶν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ἐπανισταμένων

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἐπανισταμένων
Transliteration: epanistamenon
Morphology: Greek -ων form; often genitive plural noun/adjective or nominative masculine participle
Gloss: of ... / being ...
Part of Speech: participle/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 4

ἐπʼ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐπί
Transliteration: ep
Morphology: preposition, elided form
Gloss: on, upon, over, against
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided/aspirated form of the preposition ἐπί.
Occurrences: 6685

ἐμὲ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐγώ
Transliteration: ego
Morphology: pronoun, nominative first-person singular
Gloss: I
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: First-person personal pronoun.
Occurrences: 11445

λύτρωσαί

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: λύτρωσαί
Transliteration: lytrosai
Morphology: Greek -σαι form; likely aorist infinitive or middle/passive verb form depending on context
Gloss: to ...
Part of Speech: infinitive/verb form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 5

με

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐγώ
Transliteration: ego
Morphology: pronoun, nominative first-person singular
Gloss: I
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: First-person personal pronoun.
Occurrences: 11445

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܐܢ ܫܪܝܪܐܝܬ ܙܕܝܩܘܬܐ ܡܡܠܠܝܢ ܐܢܬܘܢ ܘܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ ܕܝܢܝܢ ܐܢܬܘܢ ܒܢ̈ܝ ܐܢܫܐ

10 word entries

ܐܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܢ
Transliteration: 'n
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 471

ܫܪܝܪܐܝܬ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܫܪܝܪܐܝܬ
Transliteration: shryr'yt
Morphology: possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending
Occurrences: 38

ܙܕܝܩܘܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܙܕܝܩܘܬܐ
Transliteration: zdyqwt'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 52

ܡܡܠܠܝܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܡܠܠܝܢ
Transliteration: mmllyn
Morphology: possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
Occurrences: 22

ܐܢܬܘܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܢܬܘܢ
Transliteration: 'ntwn
Morphology: possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending
Occurrences: 350

ܘܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܬܪܝܨܘܬܐ
Transliteration: wtryswt'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 4

ܕܝܢܝܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܝܢܝܢ
Transliteration: dynyn
Morphology: possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 13

ܐܢܬܘܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܢܬܘܢ
Transliteration: 'ntwn
Morphology: possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending
Occurrences: 350

ܒܢ̈ܝ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܒܢܝ
Transliteration: bnay
Morphology: noun, masculine construct plural
Gloss: sons, children of
Occurrences: 882

ܐܢܫܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܢܫܐ
Transliteration: 'nsh'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 290

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

הַבְּרַם בְּקוּשְׁטָא שָׁתְקִין צַדִיקֵי בְּעִדַן מָצוּ חֲמֵי לְכוֹן דְצִדְקָתָא מִתְמַלְלִין תְּרִיצוּתָא תְדִינוּן בְּנֵי נָשָׁא׃

14 word entries

הַבְּרַם

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: הברם
Transliteration: hbrm
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 4

בְּקוּשְׁטָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קושטא
Transliteration: bqwsht'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 81

שָׁתְקִין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שתקין
Transliteration: shtqyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 7

צַדִיקֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: צדיקי
Transliteration: tsdyqy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 46

בְּעִדַן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עדן
Transliteration: b'dn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 254

מָצוּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: מצו
Transliteration: mtsw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 5

חֲמֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חמי
Transliteration: chmy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 38

לְכוֹן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: כון
Transliteration: lkwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 384

דְצִדְקָתָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: צדקתא
Transliteration: dtsdqt'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 64

מִתְמַלְלִין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: תמללין
Transliteration: mtmllyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 3

תְּרִיצוּתָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: תריצותא
Transliteration: trytswt'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 17

תְדִינוּן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: תדינון
Transliteration: tdynwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1

בְּנֵי

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: בר
Transliteration: bny
Morphology: noun plural construct
Gloss: sons, children of
Occurrences: 2734

נָשָׁא׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: נשא
Transliteration: nsh'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 118

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

[Eripe me de inimicis meis, Deus meus, et ab insurgentibus in me libera me.

13 word entries

eripe

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: eripio
Transliteration: eripe
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 63

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ego
Transliteration: me
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 6108

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: de
Transliteration: de
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 4779

inimicis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: inimicus
Transliteration: inimicis
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 389

meis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: meus
Transliteration: meis
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 4586

Deus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: deus
Transliteration: Deus
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Gloss: God
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: God, deity
Etymology: Latin noun for God or a god.
Occurrences: 4889

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ab
Transliteration: ab
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 3693

insurgentibus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: insurgo
Transliteration: insurgentibus
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: in
Transliteration: in
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Gloss: in
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: in, into, among, on
Etymology: Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
Occurrences: 22264

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ego
Transliteration: me
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 6108

libera

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: libero
Transliteration: libera
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 224

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ego
Transliteration: me
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 6108

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Psalms 58

Source Text Study

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