Malachi 1

Bible in Basic English, Verse 3

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³ And Esau was hated, and I sent destruction on his mountains, and gave his heritage to the beasts of the waste land.

Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Malachi 1:3. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 64

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

וְאֶת־עֵשָׂ֖ו שָׂנֵ֑אתִי וָאָשִׂ֤ים אֶת־הָרָיו֙ שְׁמָמָ֔ה וְאֶת־נַחֲלָת֖וֹ לְתַנּ֥וֹת מִדְבָּֽר׃

11 word entries

וְאֶת

Lemma: c/853
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + particle direct object marker
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H853
Occurrences: 2230

עֵשָׂ֖ו

Lemma: 6215
Morphology: Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H6215
Occurrences: 86

שָׂנֵ֑אתִי

Lemma: 8130
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal perfect 1rd person common gender singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H8130
Occurrences: 107

וָאָשִׂ֤ים

Lemma: c/7760 a
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + verb qal sequential imperfect 1rd person common gender singular
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H7760
Occurrences: 270

אֶת

Lemma: 853
Morphology: Hebrew: particle direct object marker
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H853
Occurrences: 8730

הָרָיו֙

Lemma: 2022
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine plural construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H2022
Occurrences: 206

שְׁמָמָ֔ה

Lemma: 8077 a
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H8077
Occurrences: 43

וְאֶת

Lemma: c/853
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + particle direct object marker
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H853
Occurrences: 2230

נַחֲלָת֖וֹ

Lemma: 5159
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H5159
Occurrences: 146

לְתַנּ֥וֹת

Lemma: l/8568
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common both gender plural construct
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H8568
Occurrences: 1

מִדְבָּֽר

Lemma: 4057 b
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H4057
Occurrences: 51

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

τὸν δὲ Ἠσαῦ ἐμίσησα, καὶ ἔταξα τὰ ὅρια αὐτοῦ εἰς ἀφανισμὸν, καὶ τὴν κληρονομίαν αὐτοῦ εἰς δώματα ἐρήμου;

18 word entries

τὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

δὲ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: δέ
Transliteration: de
Morphology: postpositive conjunction/particle
Gloss: but, and, now
Part of Speech: conjunction/particle
Definition: Postpositive connective conjunction.
Occurrences: 4634

Ἠσαῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: Ἠσαῦ
Transliteration: esay
Morphology: proper noun, likely indeclinable or context-dependent inflected form
Gloss: Ἠσαῦ
Part of Speech: proper noun
Definition: Generated proper-name alignment. Exact identity should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 4

ἐμίσησα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἐμίσησα
Transliteration: emisesa
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 18

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

ἔταξα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἔταξα
Transliteration: etaxa
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 5

τὰ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ὅρια

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὅριον
Transliteration: horia
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative plural
Gloss: borders, boundaries
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Boundary, border, or territory.
Occurrences: 227

αὐτοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

εἰς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: εἰς
Transliteration: eis
Morphology: preposition with accusative
Gloss: into, to, for
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the accusative.
Occurrences: 6787

ἀφανισμὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀφανισμός
Transliteration: aphanismon
Morphology: noun, masculine accusative singular
Gloss: destruction, disappearance
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Destruction, removal, disappearance, or ruin.
Occurrences: 40

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

τὴν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

κληρονομίαν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: κληρονομία
Transliteration: kleronomia
Morphology: noun, feminine nominative singular
Gloss: inheritance
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Inheritance, possession, or allotted heritage.
Occurrences: 182

αὐτοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

εἰς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: εἰς
Transliteration: eis
Morphology: preposition with accusative
Gloss: into, to, for
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the accusative.
Occurrences: 6787

δώματα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: δώματα
Transliteration: domata
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 3

ἐρήμου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἔρημος
Transliteration: eremou
Morphology: adjective/substantive, feminine/masculine/neuter genitive singular
Gloss: of wilderness, desert
Part of Speech: adjective/noun
Definition: Desolate, deserted; wilderness or desert.
Occurrences: 327

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܘܠܥܣܘ ܣܢܝܬ ܥܒܕܬ ܛܘܪ̈ܘܗܝ ܠܚܒܠܐ ܘܝܪܬܘܬܗ ܠܕܝܪ̈ܐ ܕܡܕܒܪܐ

8 word entries

ܘܠܥܣܘ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܠܥܣܘ
Transliteration: wl'sw
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 2

ܣܢܝܬ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܣܢܝܬ
Transliteration: snyt
Morphology: possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending
Occurrences: 18

ܥܒܕܬ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܒܕܬ
Transliteration: 'bdt
Morphology: possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending
Occurrences: 105

ܛܘܪ̈ܘܗܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܛܘܪܘܗܝ
Transliteration: twrwhy
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 1

ܠܚܒܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܚܒܠܐ
Transliteration: lhbl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 23

ܘܝܪܬܘܬܗ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܝܪܬܘܬܗ
Transliteration: wyrtwth
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 2

ܠܕܝܪ̈ܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܕܝܪܐ
Transliteration: ldyr'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 5

ܕܡܕܒܪܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܡܕܒܪܐ
Transliteration: dmdbr'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 24

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

וְיַת עֵשָׂו רְחִיקֵית וְשַׁוֵיתִי יַת טוּרוֹהִי לְצָדוּ וְיַת אַחְסַנְתֵּיהּ לְצָדוּת מַדְבְּרָא׃

11 word entries

וְיַת

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: וית
Transliteration: wyt
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1320

עֵשָׂו

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עשו
Transliteration: 'shw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 30

רְחִיקֵית

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: רחיקית
Transliteration: rchyqyt
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 5

וְשַׁוֵיתִי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שויתי
Transliteration: wshwyty
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 17

יַת

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: ית
Transliteration: yt
Morphology: accusative/direct object marker
Gloss: direct object marker
Occurrences: 4303

טוּרוֹהִי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: טורוהי
Transliteration: twrwhy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 2

לְצָדוּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: צדו
Transliteration: ltsdw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 80

וְיַת

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: וית
Transliteration: wyt
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1320

אַחְסַנְתֵּיהּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אחסנתיה
Transliteration: 'chsntyh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 30

לְצָדוּת

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: צדות
Transliteration: ltsdwt
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 5

מַדְבְּרָא׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: דברא
Transliteration: mdbr'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 46

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Esau autem odio habui, et posui montes ejus in solitudinem, et hæreditatem ejus in dracones deserti.

16 word entries

Esau

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Esau
Transliteration: Esau
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 82

autem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: autem
Transliteration: autem
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 5069

odio

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: odium
Transliteration: odio
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 57

habui

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: habeo
Transliteration: habui
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 1641

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

posui

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: pono
Transliteration: posui
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 894

montes

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: mons
Transliteration: montes
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 644

eius

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eius
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: in
Transliteration: in
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Gloss: in
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: in, into, among, on
Etymology: Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
Occurrences: 22264

solitudinem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: solitudo
Transliteration: solitudinem
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 148

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

hereditatem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: hereditas
Transliteration: hereditatem
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 178

eius

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eius
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: in
Transliteration: in
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Gloss: in
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: in, into, among, on
Etymology: Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
Occurrences: 22264

dracones

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: draco
Transliteration: dracones
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 42

deserti

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: desertus
Transliteration: deserti
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 111

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Malachi 1

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

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