18 Because of the mountain of Zion which is a waste; jackals go over it.
Original Language
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Lamentations 5:18. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
Panels
5
Word Entries
40
Editorial Notes
0
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Westminster Leningrad Codex
Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain
Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible
Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.
עַ֤ל הַר־צִיּוֹן֙ שֶׁשָּׁמֵ֔ם שׁוּעָלִ֖ים הִלְּכוּ־בֽוֹ׃ פ
7 word entries
עַ֤ל
הַר
שֶׁשָּׁמֵ֔ם
שׁוּעָלִ֖ים
הִלְּכוּ
בֽוֹ
- Lemma
- b
- Morphology
- Hebrew: preposition + suffix
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Occurrences
- 1362
Greek Brenton Septuagint
Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain
Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported
Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.
Ἐπʼ ὄρος Σιὼν, ὅτι ἠφανίσθη, ἀλώπεκες διῆλθον ἐν αὐτῇ.
9 word entries
Ἐπʼ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ἐπί
- Transliteration
- ep
- Morphology
- preposition, elided form
- Gloss
- on, upon, over, against
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- Elided/aspirated form of the preposition ἐπί.
- Occurrences
- 6685
ὄρος
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὄρος
- Transliteration
- oros
- Morphology
- noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
- Gloss
- mountain
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- Mountain or hill.
- Occurrences
- 607
Σιὼν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- Σιών
- Transliteration
- Sion
- Morphology
- proper noun, indeclinable
- Gloss
- Zion
- Part of Speech
- proper noun
- Definition
- Zion.
- Occurrences
- 181
ὅτι
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὅτι
- Transliteration
- hoti
- Morphology
- subordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- that, because, for
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- Conjunction introducing cause, content, or explanation.
- Occurrences
- 3703
ἠφανίσθη
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- ἠφανίσθη
- Transliteration
- ephanisthe
- Morphology
- verb, aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular pattern
- Gloss
- was ...
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 5
ἀλώπεκες
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- ἀλώπεκες
- Transliteration
- alopekes
- Morphology
- nominative/vocative plural masculine/feminine pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 3
διῆλθον
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- διῆλθον
- Transliteration
- dielthon
- Morphology
- accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 24
ἐν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ἐν
- Transliteration
- en
- Morphology
- preposition with dative
- Gloss
- in, among, with
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- Preposition commonly taking the dative.
- Strong's
- G1722
- Occurrences
- 13086
αὐτῇ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- αὐτός
- Transliteration
- autos
- Morphology
- pronoun, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- he, himself
- Part of Speech
- pronoun
- Definition
- Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
- Occurrences
- 26672
Syriac Peshitta Old Testament
Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License
Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܥܠ ܛܘܪܐ ܕܨܗܝܘܢ ܕܚ̣ܪܒ̣̇. ܘܬ̈ܥܠܐ ܗܠܟܘ ܒܗ
7 word entries
ܥܠ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܥܠ
- Transliteration
- 'l
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 3346
ܛܘܪܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܛܘܪܐ
- Transliteration
- twr'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 170
ܕܨܗܝܘܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܨܗܝܘܢ
- Transliteration
- dshywn
- Morphology
- possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 54
ܕܚ̣ܪܒ̣̇
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܚܪܒ
- Transliteration
- dhrb
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 10
ܘܬ̈ܥܠܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܬܥܠܐ
- Transliteration
- wt'l'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 1
ܗܠܟܘ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܗܠܟܘ
- Transliteration
- hlkw
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 18
ܒܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܗ
- Transliteration
- bh
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 571
Targumim on Prophets and Writings
Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain
Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.
Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.
עַל טוּרָא דְצִיּוֹן דְהוּא צָדֵי תַעֲלִין הֲלִיכוּ בֵיהּ׃
8 word entries
עַל
- Confidence
- medium aramaic rule-aligned
- Note
- Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
- Lemma
- על
- Transliteration
- 'l
- Morphology
- preposition
- Gloss
- on, upon, against, concerning
- Occurrences
- 3568
טוּרָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- טורא
- Transliteration
- twr'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 181
דְצִיּוֹן
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- ציון
- Transliteration
- dtsywn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 154
דְהוּא
- Confidence
- medium aramaic rule-aligned
- Note
- Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
- Lemma
- הוא
- Transliteration
- dhw'
- Morphology
- prefixed relative/genitive ד + personal/demonstrative pronoun
- Gloss
- of/that he, it
- Occurrences
- 992
צָדֵי
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- צדי
- Transliteration
- tsdy
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 8
תַעֲלִין
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- תעלין
- Transliteration
- t'lyn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 4
הֲלִיכוּ
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- הליכו
- Transliteration
- hlykw
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 42
בֵיהּ׃
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- ביה
- Transliteration
- byh
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 359
Latin Vulgate Clementine
Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
propter montem Sion quia disperiit; vulpes ambulaverunt in eo.
9 word entries
propter
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- propter
- Transliteration
- propter
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Occurrences
- 688
montem
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- mons
- Transliteration
- montem
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 644
Sion
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- Sion
- Transliteration
- Sion
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: proper noun
- Occurrences
- 174
quia
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- quia
- Transliteration
- quia
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 2543
disperiit
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- dispereo
- Transliteration
- disperiit
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 12
vulpes
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- uulpes
- Transliteration
- vulpes
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 8
ambulaverunt
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ambulo
- Transliteration
- ambulaverunt
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 412
in
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- in
- Transliteration
- in
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Gloss
- in
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- in, into, among, on
- Etymology
- Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
- Occurrences
- 22264
eo
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- eo
- Transliteration
- eo
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 698
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
Micah 3:12
For this reason, Zion will be ploughed like a field because of you, and Jerusalem will become a mass of broken walls, and the mountain of the house like a high place in the woods.
4 relevance votesJeremiah 9:11
And I will make Jerusalem a mass of broken stones, the living-place of jackals; and I will make the towns of Judah a waste, with no man living there.
3 relevance votesJeremiah 17:3
I will give your wealth and all your stores to be taken away in war without a price, because of your sins in every part of your land.
2 relevance votesJeremiah 52:13
And he had the house of the Lord and the king's house and all the houses of Jerusalem, even every great house, burned with fire:
2 relevance votesJeremiah 26:9
Why have you said in the name of the Lord, This house will be like Shiloh, and this land a waste with no one living in it? And all the people had come together to Jeremiah in the house of the Lord.
2 relevance votes