13 About forty thousand armed for war went over before the Lord to the fight, to the lowlands of Jericho.
Original Language
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Joshua 4:13. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
Panels
5
Word Entries
61
Editorial Notes
0
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Westminster Leningrad Codex
Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain
Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible
Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.
כְּאַרְבָּעִ֥ים אֶ֖לֶף חֲלוּצֵ֣י הַצָּבָ֑א עָבְר֞וּ לִפְנֵ֤י יְהוָה֙ לַמִּלְחָמָ֔ה אֶ֖ל עַֽרְב֥וֹת יְרִיחֽוֹ׃ ס
11 word entries
כְּאַרְבָּעִ֥ים
חֲלוּצֵ֣י
הַצָּבָ֑א
עָבְר֞וּ
לִפְנֵ֤י
לַמִּלְחָמָ֔ה
עַֽרְב֥וֹת
Greek Brenton Septuagint
Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain
Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported
Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.
Τετρακισμύριοι εὔζωνοι εἰς μάχην διέβησαν ἐναντίον Κυρίου εἰς πόλεμον πρὸς τὴν Ἱεριχὼ πόλιν.
13 word entries
Τετρακισμύριοι
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- low
- Confidence note
- Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
- Lemma
- τετρακισμύριοι
- Transliteration
- tetrakismyrioi
- Morphology
- nominative plural masculine pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 1
εὔζωνοι
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- low
- Confidence note
- Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
- Lemma
- εὔζωνοι
- Transliteration
- eyzonoi
- Morphology
- nominative plural masculine pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 2
εἰς
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- εἰς
- Transliteration
- eis
- Morphology
- preposition with accusative
- Gloss
- into, to, for
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- Preposition commonly taking the accusative.
- Occurrences
- 6787
μάχην
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- μάχην
- Transliteration
- machen
- Morphology
- accusative singular feminine pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 6
διέβησαν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- διέβησαν
- Transliteration
- diebesan
- Morphology
- verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd plural pattern
- Gloss
- they ...
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 16
ἐναντίον
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ἐναντίον
- Transliteration
- enantion
- Morphology
- preposition/adverb
- Gloss
- before, opposite, against
- Part of Speech
- preposition/adverb
- Definition
- Before, opposite, in the presence of, or against.
- Occurrences
- 414
Κυρίου
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- κύριος
- Transliteration
- kyrios
- Morphology
- noun, masculine nominative singular
- Gloss
- Lord, master
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- Lord, master, owner, or title for God.
- Occurrences
- 7934
εἰς
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- εἰς
- Transliteration
- eis
- Morphology
- preposition with accusative
- Gloss
- into, to, for
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- Preposition commonly taking the accusative.
- Occurrences
- 6787
πόλεμον
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- πόλεμος
- Transliteration
- polemos
- Morphology
- noun, masculine nominative singular
- Gloss
- war
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- War, battle, or conflict.
- Occurrences
- 323
πρὸς
- Status
- Machine-aligned lexicon entry
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Aligned to an existing lexicon entry but not manually reviewed for this LXX verse.
- Note
- Machine-aligned to an existing lexicon entry. Verify against the source before treating as hand-curated.
- Lemma
- πρὸς
- Transliteration
- pros
- Morphology
- preposition
- Gloss
- with/toward
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- with/toward
- Strong's
- G4314
- Occurrences
- 3989
τὴν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
Ἱεριχὼ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- Ἱεριχὼ
- Transliteration
- iericho
- Morphology
- proper noun, likely indeclinable or context-dependent inflected form
- Gloss
- Ἱεριχὼ
- Part of Speech
- proper noun
- Definition
- Generated proper-name alignment. Exact identity should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 37
πόλιν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- πόλις
- Transliteration
- polis
- Morphology
- noun, feminine nominative singular
- Gloss
- city
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- City or town.
- Occurrences
- 1387
Syriac Peshitta Old Testament
Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License
Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܐܪܒܥܝܢ ܐ̈ܠܦܝܢ ܟܕ ܡܙܝܢܝܢ ܒܚܝܠܐ ܥܒܪܘ ܩܕܡ ܡܪܝܐ ܠܩܪܒܐ ܒܦܩܥܬܐ ܕܐܝܪܝܚܘ
11 word entries
ܐܪܒܥܝܢ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- >RB<JN
- Morphology
- >RB</JN
- Occurrences
- 0
ܐ̈ܠܦܝܢ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- >"LPJN
- Morphology
- >LP/JN
- Occurrences
- 0
ܟܕ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- KD
- Morphology
- KD
- Occurrences
- 0
ܡܙܝܢܝܢ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- MZJNJN
- Morphology
- !M!Z(W&JN[/JN:dp
- Occurrences
- 0
ܒܚܝܠܐ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- BXJL>
- Morphology
- B-XJL/~>
- Occurrences
- 0
ܥܒܪܘ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- <BRW
- Morphology
- <BR[W
- Occurrences
- 0
ܩܕܡ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- QDM
- Morphology
- QDM/
- Occurrences
- 0
ܡܪܝܐ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- MRJ>
- Morphology
- MRJ>/
- Occurrences
- 0
ܠܩܪܒܐ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- LQRB>
- Morphology
- L-QRB=/~>
- Occurrences
- 0
ܒܦܩܥܬܐ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- BPQ<T>
- Morphology
- B-PQ<(>/T~>
- Occurrences
- 0
ܕܐܝܪܝܚܘ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- D>JRJXW
- Morphology
- D->JRJXW/
- Occurrences
- 0
Targumim on Prophets and Writings
Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain
Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.
Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.
כְּאַרְבְּעִין אַלְפִין מְזָרְזֵי חֵילָא עֲבָרוּ קֳדָם עַמָא דַייָ לִקְרָבָא לְמֵשְׁרֵי יְרֵיחוֹ׃
11 word entries
כְּאַרְבְּעִין
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- ארבעין
- Transliteration
- k'rb'yn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 69
אַלְפִין
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- אלפין
- Transliteration
- 'lpyn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 278
מְזָרְזֵי
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- זרזי
- Transliteration
- mzrzy
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 10
חֵילָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- חילא
- Transliteration
- chyl'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 218
עֲבָרוּ
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- עברו
- Transliteration
- 'brw
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 83
קֳדָם
- Confidence
- medium aramaic rule-aligned
- Note
- Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
- Lemma
- קדם
- Transliteration
- qdm
- Morphology
- prepositional or nominal form
- Gloss
- before, in front of, east
- Occurrences
- 2023
עַמָא
- Confidence
- medium aramaic rule-aligned
- Note
- Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
- Lemma
- עם
- Transliteration
- 'm'
- Morphology
- noun masculine singular emphatic
- Gloss
- people
- Occurrences
- 1754
דַייָ
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- דיי
- Transliteration
- dyy
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 1761
לִקְרָבָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- קרבא
- Transliteration
- lqrb'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 469
לְמֵשְׁרֵי
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- משרי
- Transliteration
- lmshry
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 11
יְרֵיחוֹ׃
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- יריחו
- Transliteration
- yrychw
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 45
Latin Vulgate Clementine
Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
et quadraginta pugnatorum millia per turmas, et cuneos, incedebant per plana atque campestria urbis Jericho.
15 word entries
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
quadraginta
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- quadraginta
- Transliteration
- quadraginta
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: numeral
- Occurrences
- 156
pugnatorum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- pugnator
- Transliteration
- pugnatorum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 28
milia
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- mille
- Transliteration
- milia
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: numeral
- Occurrences
- 626
per
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- per
- Transliteration
- per
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Occurrences
- 1915
turmas
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- turma
- Transliteration
- turmas
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 57
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
cuneos
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- cuneus
- Transliteration
- cuneos
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 12
incedebant
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- incedo
- Transliteration
- incedebant
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 37
per
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- per
- Transliteration
- per
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Occurrences
- 1915
plana
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- planus
- Transliteration
- plana
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 8
atque
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- atque
- Transliteration
- atque
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 755
campestria
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- campestria
- Transliteration
- campestria
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 12
urbis
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- urbs
- Transliteration
- urbis
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 365
Hiericho
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- Iericho
- Transliteration
- Hiericho
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: proper noun
- Occurrences
- 63
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
Ephesians 6:11
Take up God's instruments of war, so that you may be able to keep your position against all the deceits of the Evil One.
3 relevance votes2 Kings 25:5
But the Chaldaean army went after the king, and overtook him in the lowlands of Jericho, and all his army went in flight from him in every direction.
2 relevance votesJeremiah 52:8
And the Chaldaean army went after King Zedekiah and overtook him on the other side of Jericho, and all his army went in flight from him in every direction.
2 relevance votesJeremiah 39:5
But the Chaldaean army went after them and overtook Zedekiah in the lowlands of Jericho: and they made him a prisoner and took him up to Nebuchadrezzar, king of Babylon, to Riblah in the land of Hamath, to be judged by him.
2 relevance votesJoshua 5:10
So the children of Israel put up their tents in Gilgal; and they kept the Passover on the fourteenth day of the month, in the evening, in the lowlands of Jericho.
1 relevance votes