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Bible in Basic English

Isaiah 48

Bible in Basic English, Verse 4

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⁴ Because I saw that your heart was hard, and that your neck was an iron cord, and your brow brass;

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Isaiah 48:4. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 61

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

מִדַּעְתִּ֕י כִּ֥י קָשֶׁ֖ה אָ֑תָּה וְגִ֤יד בַּרְזֶל֙ עָרְפֶּ֔ךָ וּמִצְחֲךָ֖ נְחוּשָֽׁה׃

9 word entries

מִדַּעְתִּ֕י

Lemma: m/1847
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + verb qal infinitive construct + suffix
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H1847
Occurrences: 3

כִּ֥י

Lemma: 3588 a
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H3588
Occurrences: 4218

קָשֶׁ֖ה

Lemma: 7186
Morphology: Hebrew: adjective
Part of Speech: adjective
Strong's: H7186
Occurrences: 25

אָ֑תָּה

Lemma: 859 a
Morphology: Hebrew: pronoun
Part of Speech: pronoun
Strong's: H859
Occurrences: 535

וְגִ֤יד

Lemma: c/1517
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + noun common masculine singular construct
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H1517
Occurrences: 2

בַּרְזֶל֙

Lemma: 1270
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H1270
Occurrences: 44

עָרְפֶּ֔ךָ

Lemma: 6203
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H6203
Occurrences: 28

וּמִצְחֲךָ֖

Lemma: c/4696
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + noun common masculine singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H4696
Occurrences: 2

נְחוּשָֽׁה

Lemma: 5154
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H5154
Occurrences: 9

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Γινώσκω ὅτι σκληρὸς εἶ, καὶ νεῦρον σιδηροῦν ὁ τράχηλός σου, καὶ τὸ μέτωπόν σου χαλκοῦν.

15 word entries

Γινώσκω

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: γινώσκω
Transliteration: ginosko
Morphology: 1st singular verb or contracted noun/adjective form depending on context
Gloss: I ...
Part of Speech: verb/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 284

ὅτι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὅτι
Transliteration: hoti
Morphology: subordinating conjunction
Gloss: that, because, for
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Conjunction introducing cause, content, or explanation.
Occurrences: 3703

σκληρὸς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: σκληρὸς
Transliteration: skleros
Morphology: nominative masculine singular or genitive neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 12

εἶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: εἰμί
Transliteration: ei
Morphology: verb, present active indicative, 2nd singular
Gloss: you are
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: To be or exist.
Strong's: G1510
Occurrences: 5427

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

νεῦρον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: νεῦρον
Transliteration: neyron
Morphology: accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

σιδηροῦν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: σιδηροῦν
Transliteration: sideroyn
Morphology: accusative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 10

ὁ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

τράχηλός

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: τράχηλός
Transliteration: trachelos
Morphology: nominative masculine singular or genitive neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 4

σου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: σύ
Transliteration: sy
Morphology: pronoun, nominative second-person singular
Gloss: you
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Second-person personal pronoun.
Occurrences: 12950

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

τὸ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

μέτωπόν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: μέτωπόν
Transliteration: metopon
Morphology: accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

σου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: σύ
Transliteration: sy
Morphology: pronoun, nominative second-person singular
Gloss: you
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Second-person personal pronoun.
Occurrences: 12950

χαλκοῦν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: χαλκοῦν
Transliteration: chalkoyn
Morphology: accusative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 22

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܝ̇ܕܥ ܐܢܐ ܕܩܫܐ ܐܢܬ ܘܩܕܠܟ ܓܝܕܐ ܗܘ ܕܦܪܙܠܐ ܘܒܝܬ ܥܝܢ̇ܝܟ ܢܚܫܐ

11 word entries

ܝ̇ܕܥ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܝܕܥ
Transliteration: yd'
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 215

ܐܢܐ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܐܢܐ
Transliteration: ena
Morphology: personal pronoun, first common singular
Gloss: I
Occurrences: 1289

ܕܩܫܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܩܫܐ
Transliteration: dqsh'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 5

ܐܢܬ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܐܢܬ
Transliteration: ant
Morphology: personal pronoun, second singular
Gloss: you
Occurrences: 901

ܘܩܕܠܟ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܩܕܠܟ
Transliteration: wqdlk
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

ܓܝܕܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܓܝܕܐ
Transliteration: gyd'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 2

ܗܘ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܗܘ
Transliteration: hu
Morphology: pronoun/copula, masculine singular
Gloss: he, it, is
Occurrences: 2003

ܕܦܪܙܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܦܪܙܠܐ
Transliteration: dprzl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 26

ܘܒܝܬ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܒܝܬ
Transliteration: wbyt
Morphology: possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 69

ܥܝܢ̇ܝܟ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܝܢܝܟ
Transliteration: 'ynyk
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 27

ܢܚܫܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܢܚܫܐ
Transliteration: nhsh'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 21

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

גְלֵי קֳדָמַי דְאַתְּ סַרְבָן וְקָשֵׁי כְּבַרְזְלָא קָדְלָךְ וּבֵית עֵינָךְ חֲסִין כִּנְחָשָׁא׃

11 word entries

גְלֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: גלי
Transliteration: gly
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 113

קֳדָמַי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קדמי
Transliteration: qdmy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 443

דְאַתְּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: דאת
Transliteration: d't
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 39

סַרְבָן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: סרבן
Transliteration: srbn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 15

וְקָשֵׁי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קשי
Transliteration: wqshy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 8

כְּבַרְזְלָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ברזלא
Transliteration: kbrzl'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 14

קָדְלָךְ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קדלך
Transliteration: qdlk
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1

וּבֵית

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: בית
Transliteration: wbyt
Morphology: prefixed conjunction ו + noun construct/absolute
Gloss: and house, household
Occurrences: 2611

עֵינָךְ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עינך
Transliteration: 'ynk
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 93

חֲסִין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חסין
Transliteration: chsyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 17

כִּנְחָשָׁא׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: נחשא
Transliteration: knchsh'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 70

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Scivi enim quia durus es tu, et nervus ferreus cervix tua, et frons tua ærea.

15 word entries

scivi

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: scio
Transliteration: scivi
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 693

enim

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: enim
Transliteration: enim
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 2392

quia

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: quia
Transliteration: quia
Morphology: GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 2543

durus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: durus
Transliteration: durus
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 64

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sum
Transliteration: es
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20614

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: tu
Transliteration: tu
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 4602

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

nervus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: neruus
Transliteration: nervus
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 14

ferreus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ferreus
Transliteration: ferreus
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 39

cervix

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ceruix
Transliteration: cervix
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 45

tua

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: tuus
Transliteration: tua
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 5615

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

frons

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: frons
Transliteration: frons
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 66

tua

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: tuus
Transliteration: tua
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 5615

aerea

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: aereus
Transliteration: aerea
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 45

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

Acts 7:51

You whose hearts are hard and whose ears are shut to me; you are ever working against the Holy Spirit; as your fathers did, so do you.

31 relevance votes

Exodus 32:9

And the Lord said to Moses, I have been watching this people, and I see that they are a stiff-necked people.

22 relevance votes

Proverbs 29:1

A man hating sharp words and making his heart hard, will suddenly be broken and will not be made well again.

15 relevance votes

Romans 2:5

But by your hard and unchanged heart you are storing up wrath for yourself in the day of the revelation of God's judging in righteousness;

14 relevance votes

Jeremiah 19:15

The Lord of armies, the God of Israel, has said: See, I will send on this town and on all her towns all the evil which I have said; because they made their necks stiff, so that they might not give ear to my words.

13 relevance votes

Jeremiah 5:3

O Lord, do not your eyes see good faith? you have given them punishment, but they were not troubled; you have sent destruction on them, but they did not take your teaching to heart: they have made their faces harder than a rock; they would not come back.

13 relevance votes

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Isaiah 48

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

Acts 7:51

Exodus 32:9

Proverbs 29:1

Romans 2:5

Jeremiah 19:15

Jeremiah 5:3

Deuteronomy 31:27

Exodus 33:5

Psalms 78:8

Exodus 33:3

Psalms 75:5

2 Chronicles 36:13