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Bible in Basic English

Isaiah 23

Bible in Basic English, Verse 8

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⁸ By whom was this purposed against Tyre, the crowning town, whose traders are chiefs, whose business men are honoured in the land?

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Isaiah 23:8. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 69

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

מִ֚י יָעַ֣ץ זֹ֔את עַל־צֹ֖ר הַמַּֽעֲטִירָ֑ה אֲשֶׁ֤ר סֹחֲרֶ֙יה֙ שָׂרִ֔ים כִּנְעָנֶ֖יהָ נִכְבַּדֵּי־אָֽרֶץ ׃

12 word entries

מִ֚י

Lemma: 4310
Morphology: Hebrew: particle
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H4310
Occurrences: 333

יָעַ֣ץ

Lemma: 3289
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H3289
Occurrences: 56

זֹ֔את

Lemma: 2063
Morphology: Hebrew: pronoun
Part of Speech: pronoun
Strong's: H2063
Occurrences: 251

עַל

Lemma: 5921 a
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H5921
Occurrences: 4903

צֹ֖ר

Lemma: 6865
Morphology: Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H6865
Occurrences: 32

הַמַּֽעֲטִירָ֑ה

Lemma: d/5849 b
Morphology: Hebrew: particle definite article + verb hiphil participle active
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H5849
Occurrences: 2

אֲשֶׁ֤ר

Lemma: 834 a
Morphology: Hebrew: particle relative
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H834
Occurrences: 4808

סֹחֲרֶ֨יה֙

Lemma: 5503
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal participle active + suffix
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H5503
Occurrences: 16

שָׂרִ֔ים

Lemma: 8269
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine plural absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H8269
Occurrences: 272

כִּנְעָנֶ֖יהָ

Lemma: 3667 b
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine plural construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3667
Occurrences: 4

נִכְבַּדֵּי

Lemma: 3513
Morphology: Hebrew: verb niphal participle active
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H3513
Occurrences: 80

אָֽרֶץ

Lemma: 776
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common both gender singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H776
Occurrences: 692

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Τίς ταῦτα ἐβούλευσεν ἐπὶ Τύρον; μὴ ἥσσων ἐστίν, ἢ οὐκ ἰσχύει; οἱ ἔμποροι αὐτῆς ἔνδοξοι ἄρχοντες τῆς γῆς.

18 word entries

Τίς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: τίς
Transliteration: tis
Morphology: interrogative/indefinite pronoun
Gloss: who, someone
Part of Speech: interrogative/indefinite pronoun
Definition: Interrogative or indefinite pronoun depending on accent/context.
Occurrences: 1124

ταῦτα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: οὗτος
Transliteration: houtos
Morphology: demonstrative pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: this one
Part of Speech: demonstrative pronoun
Definition: This, these.
Occurrences: 3767

ἐβούλευσεν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἐβούλευσεν
Transliteration: eboyleysen
Morphology: verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss: he/she ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

ἐπὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐπί
Transliteration: epi
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: on, upon, over, against
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided/aspirated form of the preposition ἐπί.
Occurrences: 6685

Τύρον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: τύρον
Transliteration: tyron
Morphology: accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 7

μὴ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: μή
Transliteration: me
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not, lest
Part of Speech: particle
Definition: Negative particle commonly used with non-indicative moods.
Occurrences: 2979

ἥσσων

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἥσσων
Transliteration: esson
Morphology: Greek -ων form; often genitive plural noun/adjective or nominative masculine participle
Gloss: of ... / being ...
Part of Speech: participle/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

ἐστίν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: εἰμί
Transliteration: estin
Morphology: verb, present active indicative, 3rd singular
Gloss: is
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: To be or exist.
Strong's: G1510
Occurrences: 5427

ἢ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἤ
Transliteration: e
Morphology: disjunctive/comparative particle
Gloss: or, than
Part of Speech: conjunction/particle
Definition: Disjunctive or comparative particle.
Occurrences: 931

οὐκ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: οὐ
Transliteration: ou
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Part of Speech: particle
Definition: Negative particle before rough breathing.
Occurrences: 5892

ἰσχύει

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἰσχύει
Transliteration: ischyei
Morphology: dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 14

οἱ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ἔμποροι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἔμποροι
Transliteration: emporoi
Morphology: nominative plural masculine pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 8

αὐτῆς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

ἔνδοξοι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἔνδοξοι
Transliteration: endoxoi
Morphology: nominative plural masculine pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 4

ἄρχοντες

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἄρχων
Transliteration: archon
Morphology: noun/participle substantive, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: ruler, leader
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Ruler, leader, or official.
Occurrences: 577

τῆς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

γῆς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: γῆ
Transliteration: ges
Morphology: noun, feminine genitive singular
Gloss: of earth, of land
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Earth, ground, or land.
Strong's: G1093
Occurrences: 2962

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܡܢܘ ܐܬܡܠܟ ܗܟܢܐ ܥܠ ܨܘܪ ܡܟܠܠܬܐ ܕܬܓܪ̈ܝܗ̇ ܪ̈ܘܪܒܢܐ ܘܟܢ̈ܥܢܝܗ̇ ܝܩܝܪ̈ܝܗ̇ ܕܐܪܥܐ

11 word entries

ܡܢܘ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܢܘ
Transliteration: mnw
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 227

ܐܬܡܠܟ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܬܡܠܟ
Transliteration: 'tmlk
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 7

ܗܟܢܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܗܟܢܐ
Transliteration: hkn'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 718

ܥܠ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܠ
Transliteration: 'l
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 3346

ܨܘܪ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܨܘܪ
Transliteration: swr
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 11

ܡܟܠܠܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܟܠܠܬܐ
Transliteration: mkllt'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 1

ܕܬܓܪ̈ܝܗ̇

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܬܓܪܝܗ
Transliteration: dtgryh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 1

ܪ̈ܘܪܒܢܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܪܘܪܒܢܐ
Transliteration: rwrbn'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 119

ܘܟܢ̈ܥܢܝܗ̇

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܟܢܥܢܝܗ
Transliteration: wkn'nyh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

ܝܩܝܪ̈ܝܗ̇

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܝܩܝܪܝܗ
Transliteration: yqyryh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 3

ܕܐܪܥܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܐܪܥܐ
Transliteration: d'r''
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 341

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

מַן מְלִיךְ דָא עַל צוֹר דַהֲיַת מְמַלְכָּא מַלְכִין דִי תַגָרָהָא רַבְרְבִין שִׁלְטוֹנָאָה יְקִירֵי אַרְעָא׃

14 word entries

מַן

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: מן
Transliteration: mn
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: from, out of, than
Occurrences: 2836

מְלִיךְ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ליך
Transliteration: mlyk
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 160

דָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: דא
Transliteration: d'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 192

עַל

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: על
Transliteration: 'l
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: on, upon, against, concerning
Occurrences: 3568

צוֹר

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: צור
Transliteration: tswr
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 49

דַהֲיַת

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: הית
Transliteration: dhyt
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 4

מְמַלְכָּא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: מלך
Transliteration: mmlk'
Morphology: prefixed preposition מ + noun masculine singular emphatic
Gloss: from king
Occurrences: 2509

מַלְכִין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: לכין
Transliteration: mlkyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 37

דִי

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: די
Transliteration: dy
Morphology: relative/genitive particle
Gloss: of, that, which
Occurrences: 1711

תַגָרָהָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: תגרהא
Transliteration: tgrh'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 1

רַבְרְבִין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: רברבין
Transliteration: rbrbyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 40

שִׁלְטוֹנָאָה

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שלטונאה
Transliteration: shltwn'h
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1

יְקִירֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יקירי
Transliteration: yqyry
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 7

אַרְעָא׃

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: ארע
Transliteration: 'r''
Morphology: noun feminine singular emphatic
Gloss: earth, land
Occurrences: 1735

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Quis cogitavit hoc super Tyrum quondam coronatam, cujus negotiatores principes, institores ejus inclyti terræ?

14 word entries

quis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: quis
Transliteration: quis
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 1619

cogitavit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: cogito
Transliteration: cogitavit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 192

hoc

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: hic
Transliteration: hoc
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 4646

super

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: super
Transliteration: super
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 3146

Tyrum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Tyros
Transliteration: Tyrum
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 46

quondam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: quondam
Transliteration: quondam
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 11

coronatam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: corono
Transliteration: coronatam
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 14

cuius

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: qui
Transliteration: cuius
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 15011

negotiatores

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: negotiator
Transliteration: negotiatores
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 26

principes

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: princeps
Transliteration: principes
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 830

institores

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: institor
Transliteration: institores
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 6

eius

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eius
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

incliti

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: inclutus
Transliteration: incliti
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 25

terrae

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: terra
Transliteration: terrae
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Gloss: earth
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: earth, land, ground
Etymology: Latin noun behind English terrestrial and terrain.
Occurrences: 3087

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Isaiah 23

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Ranked cross references

Revelation 18:8

Isaiah 10:8

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