15 The chiefs of Edom were troubled in heart; the strong men of Moab were in the grip of fear: all the people of Canaan became like water.
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Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Exodus 15:15. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible
Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.
אָ֤ז נִבְהֲלוּ֙ אַלּוּפֵ֣י אֱד֔וֹם אֵילֵ֣י מוֹאָ֔ב יֹֽאחֲזֵ֖מוֹ רָ֑עַד נָמֹ֕גוּ כֹּ֖ל יֹשְׁבֵ֥י כְנָֽעַן׃
נִבְהֲלוּ֙
אַלּוּפֵ֣י
אֵילֵ֣י
יֹֽאחֲזֵ֖מוֹ
רָ֑עַד
נָמֹ֕גוּ
כֹּ֖ל
יֹשְׁבֵ֥י
Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported
Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.
Τότε ἔσπευσαν ἡγεμόνες Ἐδὼμ, καὶ ἄρχοντες Μωαβιτῶν· ἔλαβεν αὐτοὺς τρόμος· ἐτάκησαν πάντες οἱ κατοικοῦντες Χαναάν.
Τότε
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- τότε
- Transliteration
- tote
- Morphology
- adverb
- Gloss
- then, at that time
- Part of Speech
- adverb
- Definition
- Temporal adverb.
- Occurrences
- 228
ἔσπευσαν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- ἔσπευσαν
- Transliteration
- espeysan
- Morphology
- verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd plural pattern
- Gloss
- they ...
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 6
ἡγεμόνες
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- Ἡγεμόνες
- Transliteration
- egemones
- Morphology
- proper noun, likely indeclinable or context-dependent inflected form
- Gloss
- Ἡγεμόνες
- Part of Speech
- proper noun
- Definition
- Generated proper-name alignment. Exact identity should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 22
Ἐδὼμ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- Ἐδὼμ
- Transliteration
- edom
- Morphology
- proper noun, likely indeclinable or context-dependent inflected form
- Gloss
- Ἐδὼμ
- Part of Speech
- proper noun
- Definition
- Generated proper-name alignment. Exact identity should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 33
καὶ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- καί
- Transliteration
- kai
- Morphology
- coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and, also, even
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- Coordinating conjunction.
- Strong's
- G2532
- Occurrences
- 56730
ἄρχοντες
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ἄρχων
- Transliteration
- archon
- Morphology
- noun/participle substantive, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- ruler, leader
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- Ruler, leader, or official.
- Occurrences
- 577
Μωαβιτῶν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- μωαβιτῶν
- Transliteration
- moabiton
- Morphology
- Greek -ων form; often genitive plural noun/adjective or nominative masculine participle
- Gloss
- of ... / being ...
- Part of Speech
- participle/noun form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 4
ἔλαβεν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- λαμβάνω
- Transliteration
- elaben
- Morphology
- verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd singular
- Gloss
- he/she/it took, received
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Definition
- To take, receive, or obtain.
- Occurrences
- 894
αὐτοὺς
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- αὐτός
- Transliteration
- autos
- Morphology
- pronoun, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- he, himself
- Part of Speech
- pronoun
- Definition
- Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
- Occurrences
- 26672
τρόμος
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- τρόμος
- Transliteration
- tromos
- Morphology
- nominative masculine singular or genitive neuter singular pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 15
ἐτάκησαν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- ἐτάκησαν
- Transliteration
- etakesan
- Morphology
- verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd plural pattern
- Gloss
- they ...
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 7
πάντες
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- πᾶς
- Transliteration
- pas
- Morphology
- adjective, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- all, every
- Part of Speech
- adjective
- Definition
- All, every, whole.
- Occurrences
- 6138
οἱ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
κατοικοῦντες
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- κατοικέω
- Transliteration
- katoikountes
- Morphology
- present active participle, nominative masculine plural
- Gloss
- dwelling, inhabiting
- Part of Speech
- verb/participle
- Definition
- To dwell, inhabit, or live in.
- Occurrences
- 217
Χαναάν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- Χαναάν
- Transliteration
- chanaan
- Morphology
- proper noun, likely indeclinable or context-dependent inflected form
- Gloss
- Χαναάν
- Part of Speech
- proper noun
- Definition
- Canaan, land or personal name.
- Occurrences
- 97
Coverage: Torah
Ancient Aramaic Torah translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as the Hebrew original text.
בְּכֵן אִתְבְּהִילוּ רַבְרְבֵי אֱדוֹם תַּקִיפֵי מוֹאָב אֲחַדָתְנוּן רְתֵיתָא אִתְבָּרוּ כֹּל דַהֲווֹ יָתְבִין בִּכְנָעַן:
בְּכֵן
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- בכן
- Transliteration
- bkn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 29
אִתְבְּהִילוּ
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- אתבהילו
- Transliteration
- 'tbhylw
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 2
רַבְרְבֵי
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- רברבי
- Transliteration
- rbrby
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 31
אֱדוֹם
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- אדום
- Transliteration
- 'dwm
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 18
תַּקִיפֵי
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- תקיפי
- Transliteration
- tqypy
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 1
מוֹאָב
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- ואב
- Transliteration
- mw'b
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 19
אֲחַדָתְנוּן
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- אחדתנון
- Transliteration
- 'chdtnwn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 2
רְתֵיתָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- רתיתא
- Transliteration
- rtyt'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 1
אִתְבָּרוּ
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- אתברו
- Transliteration
- 'tbrw
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 1
כֹּל
- Confidence
- medium aramaic rule-aligned
- Note
- Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
- Lemma
- כל
- Transliteration
- kl
- Morphology
- collective noun/adjective
- Gloss
- all, every
- Occurrences
- 937
דַהֲווֹ
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- הוו
- Transliteration
- dhww
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 91
יָתְבִין
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- יתבין
- Transliteration
- ytbyn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 11
בִּכְנָעַן
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- כנען
- Transliteration
- bkn'n
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 57
Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܗܝܕܝܢ ܕܚܠ̣ܘ ܪ̈ܘܪܒܢܐ ܕܐܕܘܡ. ܘܠܓܒܪ̈ܐ ܕܡܘܐܒ ܐܚ̣ܕ ܐܢܘܢ ܪܬܝܬܐ. ܐܬܬ̣ܒܪܘ ܟܠܗܘܢ ܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܟܢܥܢ.
ܗܝܕܝܢ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- HJDJN
- Morphology
- HJDJN
- Occurrences
- 0
ܕܚܠ̣ܘ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- DXL#W
- Morphology
- DXL[W
- Occurrences
- 0
ܪ̈ܘܪܒܢܐ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- R"WRBN>
- Morphology
- RWRBN/(J~>
- Occurrences
- 0
ܕܐܕܘܡ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- D>DWM
- Morphology
- D->DWM/
- Occurrences
- 0
ܘܠܓܒܪ̈ܐ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- WLGBR">
- Morphology
- W-L-GBR/(J~>
- Occurrences
- 0
ܕܡܘܐܒ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- DMW>B
- Morphology
- D-MW>B/
- Occurrences
- 0
ܐܚ̣ܕ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- >X#D
- Morphology
- >XD[
- Occurrences
- 0
ܐܢܘܢ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- >NWN
- Morphology
- >NWN
- Occurrences
- 0
ܪܬܝܬܐ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- RTJT>
- Morphology
- RTJT/~>
- Occurrences
- 0
ܐܬܬ̣ܒܪܘ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- >TT#BRW
- Morphology
- @>T@TBR[W
- Occurrences
- 0
ܟܠܗܘܢ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- KLHWN
- Morphology
- KL/-HWN
- Occurrences
- 0
ܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- <MWR">
- Morphology
- <MWR/(J~>
- Occurrences
- 0
ܕܟܢܥܢ
- Confidence
- medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
- Note
- OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
- Transliteration
- DKN<N
- Morphology
- D-KN<N/
- Occurrences
- 0
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
Tunc conturbati sunt principes Edom, robustos Moab obtinuit tremor: obriguerunt omnes habitatores Chanaan.
tunc
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- tunc
- Transliteration
- tunc
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adverb
- Occurrences
- 409
conturbati
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- conturbo
- Transliteration
- conturbati
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 84
sunt
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sum
- Transliteration
- sunt
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 20614
principes
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- princeps
- Transliteration
- principes
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 830
Edom
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- edo
- Transliteration
- Edom
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: proper noun
- Occurrences
- 99
robustos
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- robustus
- Transliteration
- robustos
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 85
Moab
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- moaber
- Transliteration
- Moab
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 113
obtinuit
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- obtineo
- Transliteration
- obtinuit
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 69
tremor
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- tremor
- Transliteration
- tremor
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 24
obriguerunt
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- obrigesco
- Transliteration
- obriguerunt
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 2
omnes
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- omnis
- Transliteration
- omnes
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 5506
habitatores
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- habitator
- Transliteration
- habitatores
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 204
Chanaan
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- Chanaan
- Transliteration
- Chanaan
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: proper noun
- Occurrences
- 98
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
Joshua 5:1
Now when the news came to all the kings of the Amorites on the west side of Jordan, and all the kings of the Canaanites living by the sea, how the Lord had made the waters of Jordan dry before the children of Israel, till they had gone across, their hearts became like water, and there was no more spirit in them, because of the children of Israel.
5 relevance votesJoshua 2:9
And said to them, It is clear to me that the Lord has given you the land, and that the fear of you has come on us;
4 relevance votesJoshua 2:11
And because of this news, our hearts became like water, and there was no more spirit in any of us because of you; for the Lord your God is God in heaven on high and here on earth.
4 relevance votesGenesis 36:40
These are the names of the chiefs of Esau in the order of their families and their places: Timna, Alvah, Jetheth,
3 relevance votesDeuteronomy 2:4
And give the people orders, saying, You are about to go through the land of your brothers, the children of Esau, who are living in Seir; and they will have fear of you; so take care what you do:
3 relevance votesPsalms 68:2
Let them be like smoke before the driving wind; as wax turning soft before the fire, so let them come to an end before the power of God.
3 relevance votesIsaiah 19:1
The word about Egypt. See, the Lord is seated on a quick-moving cloud, and is coming to Egypt: and the false gods of Egypt will be troubled at his coming, and the heart of Egypt will be turned to water.
2 relevance votesJoshua 2:24
And they said to Joshua, Truly, the Lord has given all the land into our hands; and all the people of the land have become like water because of us.
2 relevance votes2 Samuel 17:10
Then even the strongest, whose heart is like the heart of a lion, will become like water; for all Israel is conscious that your father is a man of war, and those who are with him are strong and without fear.
2 relevance votesDeuteronomy 20:8
And let the overseers go on to say to the people, If there is any man whose heart is feeble with fear, let him go back to his house before he makes the hearts of his countrymen feeble.
2 relevance votesJoshua 14:8
My brothers, however, who went up with me, made the heart of the people like water: but I was true to the Lord with all my heart.
2 relevance votesNahum 2:10
Everything has been taken from her, all is gone, she has nothing more: the heart is turned to water, the knees are shaking, all are twisted in pain, and colour has gone from all faces.
2 relevance votes