2 Samuel
Chapter 18
Verse 16
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2 Samuel 18

Bible in Basic English, Verse 16

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16 And Joab had the horn sounded, and the people came back from going after Israel, for Joab kept them back.

Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to 2 Samuel 18:16. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5
Word Entries 72
Editorial Notes 0
How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

וַיִּתְקַ֤ע יוֹאָב֙ בַּשֹּׁפָ֔ר וַיָּ֣שָׁב הָעָ֔ם מִרְדֹ֖ף אַחֲרֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל כִּֽי־חָשַׂ֥ךְ יוֹאָ֖ב אֶת־הָעָֽם׃

13 word entries
וַיִּתְקַ֤ע
Lemma
c/8628
Morphology
Hebrew: conjunction + verb qal sequential imperfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech
conjunction
Strong's
H8628
Occurrences
33
יוֹאָב֙
Lemma
3097
Morphology
Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech
noun
Strong's
H3097
Occurrences
123
בַּשֹּׁפָ֔ר
Lemma
b/7782
Morphology
Hebrew: preposition + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech
preposition
Strong's
H7782
Occurrences
26
וַיָּ֣שָׁב
Lemma
c/7725
Morphology
Hebrew: conjunction + verb qal sequential imperfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech
conjunction
Strong's
H7725
Occurrences
428
הָעָ֔ם
Morphology
Hebrew: particle definite article + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech
particle
Strong's
H5971
Occurrences
815
מִרְדֹ֖ף
Lemma
m/7291
Morphology
Hebrew: preposition + verb qal infinitive construct
Part of Speech
preposition
Strong's
H7291
Occurrences
4
אַחֲרֵ֣י
Lemma
310 a
Morphology
Hebrew: preposition
Part of Speech
preposition
Strong's
H310
Occurrences
539
יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל
Lemma
3478
Morphology
Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech
noun
Strong's
H3478
Occurrences
2260
כִּֽי
Lemma
3588 a
Morphology
Hebrew: conjunction
Part of Speech
conjunction
Strong's
H3588
Occurrences
4218
חָשַׂ֥ךְ
Lemma
2820
Morphology
Hebrew: verb qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech
verb
Strong's
H2820
Occurrences
24
יוֹאָ֖ב
Lemma
3097
Morphology
Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech
noun
Strong's
H3097
Occurrences
123
אֶת
Lemma
853
Morphology
Hebrew: particle direct object marker
Part of Speech
particle
Strong's
H853
Occurrences
8730
הָעָֽם
Morphology
Hebrew: particle definite article + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech
particle
Strong's
H5971
Occurrences
815
Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Καὶ ἐσάλπισεν Ἰωὰβ ἐν κερατίνῃ, καὶ ἀπέστρεψεν ὁ λαὸς τοῦ μὴ διώκειν ὀπίσω Ἰσραὴλ, ὅτι ἐφείδετο Ἰωὰβ τοῦ λαοῦ.

19 word entries
Καὶ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
καί
Transliteration
kai
Morphology
coordinating conjunction
Gloss
and, also, even
Part of Speech
conjunction
Definition
Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's
G2532
Occurrences
56730
ἐσάλπισεν
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium
Confidence note
Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Transliteration
esalpisen
Morphology
verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss
he/she ...
Part of Speech
verb
Definition
Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences
5
Ἰωὰβ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Transliteration
Ioab
Morphology
proper noun, indeclinable
Gloss
Joab
Part of Speech
proper noun
Definition
Joab.
Occurrences
156
ἐν
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
ἐν
Transliteration
en
Morphology
preposition with dative
Gloss
in, among, with
Part of Speech
preposition
Definition
Preposition commonly taking the dative.
Strong's
G1722
Occurrences
13086
κερατίνῃ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium
Confidence note
Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Transliteration
keratine
Morphology
nominative feminine singular pattern
Gloss
...
Part of Speech
noun/adjective form
Definition
Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences
10
καὶ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
καί
Transliteration
kai
Morphology
coordinating conjunction
Gloss
and, also, even
Part of Speech
conjunction
Definition
Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's
G2532
Occurrences
56730
ἀπέστρεψεν
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium
Confidence note
Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Transliteration
apestrepsen
Morphology
verb, aorist/imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss
he/she ...
Part of Speech
verb
Definition
Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences
35
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
Transliteration
ho
Morphology
definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss
the
Part of Speech
article
Definition
Greek definite article.
Strong's
G3588
Occurrences
80473
λαὸς
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Transliteration
laos
Morphology
noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss
people
Part of Speech
noun
Definition
People, nation, or community.
Occurrences
1841
τοῦ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
Transliteration
ho
Morphology
definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss
the
Part of Speech
article
Definition
Greek definite article.
Strong's
G3588
Occurrences
80473
μὴ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
μή
Transliteration
me
Morphology
negative particle
Gloss
not, lest
Part of Speech
particle
Definition
Negative particle commonly used with non-indicative moods.
Occurrences
2979
διώκειν
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium
Confidence note
Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Transliteration
diokein
Morphology
present/aorist active infinitive pattern
Gloss
to ...
Part of Speech
infinitive
Definition
Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences
3
ὀπίσω
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Transliteration
opiso
Morphology
adverb/preposition
Gloss
behind, after
Part of Speech
adverb/preposition
Definition
Behind, after, or following.
Occurrences
347
Ἰσραὴλ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Transliteration
Israel
Morphology
proper noun, indeclinable
Gloss
Israel
Part of Speech
proper noun
Definition
Israel; the patriarch, people, or land depending on context.
Occurrences
2695
ὅτι
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
ὅτι
Transliteration
hoti
Morphology
subordinating conjunction
Gloss
that, because, for
Part of Speech
conjunction
Definition
Conjunction introducing cause, content, or explanation.
Occurrences
3703
ἐφείδετο
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
low
Confidence note
Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Transliteration
epheideto
Morphology
verb, middle/passive indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss
he/she was ...
Part of Speech
verb
Definition
Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences
2
Ἰωὰβ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Transliteration
Ioab
Morphology
proper noun, indeclinable
Gloss
Joab
Part of Speech
proper noun
Definition
Joab.
Occurrences
156
τοῦ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
Transliteration
ho
Morphology
definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss
the
Part of Speech
article
Definition
Greek definite article.
Strong's
G3588
Occurrences
80473
λαοῦ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Transliteration
laos
Morphology
noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss
people
Part of Speech
noun
Definition
People, nation, or community.
Occurrences
1841
Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܘܩܪܐ ܝܘܐܒ ܒܫܝܦܘܪܐ ܘܗܦܟ ܥܡܐ ܕܪܕܦ ܗܘܐ ܒܬܪ ܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ ܡܛܠ ܕܟܠܝܗܝ ܝܘܐܒ ܠܥܡܐ

13 word entries
ܘܩܪܐ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
wqr'
Morphology
probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences
113
ܝܘܐܒ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
yw'b
Morphology
Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences
83
ܒܫܝܦܘܪܐ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
bshypwr'
Morphology
probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences
9
ܘܗܦܟ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
whpk
Morphology
Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences
92
ܥܡܐ
Confidence
medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma
ܥܡܐ
Transliteration
amma
Morphology
noun, masculine emphatic singular
Gloss
people, nation
Occurrences
688
ܕܪܕܦ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
drdp
Morphology
Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences
5
ܗܘܐ
Confidence
medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma
ܗܘܐ
Transliteration
hwa
Morphology
verb, being/becoming root form
Gloss
was, became
Occurrences
1800
ܒܬܪ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma
ܒܬܪ
Transliteration
btr
Morphology
Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences
301
ܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
'ysr'yl
Morphology
Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences
96
ܡܛܠ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma
ܡܛܠ
Transliteration
mtl
Morphology
Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences
2606
ܕܟܠܝܗܝ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
dklyhy
Morphology
Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences
2
ܝܘܐܒ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
yw'b
Morphology
Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences
83
ܠܥܡܐ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
l'm'
Morphology
probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences
168
Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

וּתְקַע יוֹאָב בְּשׁוֹפָרָא וְתַב עַמָא מִלְמִרְדַף בָּתַר יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲרֵי מְנַע יוֹאָב יַת עַמָא׃

13 word entries
וּתְקַע
Status
Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence
low aramaic preliminary
Note
Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma
תקע
Transliteration
wtq'
Morphology
preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences
8
יוֹאָב
Status
Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence
low aramaic preliminary
Note
Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Transliteration
yw'b
Morphology
preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences
144
בְּשׁוֹפָרָא
Status
Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence
low aramaic preliminary
Note
Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Transliteration
bshwpr'
Morphology
preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences
41
וְתַב
Status
Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence
low aramaic preliminary
Note
Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma
ותב
Transliteration
wtb
Morphology
preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences
84
עַמָא
Confidence
medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note
Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma
עם
Transliteration
'm'
Morphology
noun masculine singular emphatic
Gloss
people
Occurrences
1754
מִלְמִרְדַף
Status
Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence
low aramaic preliminary
Note
Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Transliteration
mlmrdp
Morphology
preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences
3
בָּתַר
Status
Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence
low aramaic preliminary
Note
Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma
בתר
Transliteration
btr
Morphology
preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences
428
יִשְׂרָאֵל
Confidence
medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note
Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Transliteration
yshr'l
Morphology
proper noun
Gloss
Israel
Occurrences
2312
אֲרֵי
Status
Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence
low aramaic preliminary
Note
Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma
ארי
Transliteration
'ry
Morphology
preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences
1969
מְנַע
Status
Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence
low aramaic preliminary
Note
Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma
מנע
Transliteration
mn'
Morphology
preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences
10
יוֹאָב
Status
Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence
low aramaic preliminary
Note
Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Transliteration
yw'b
Morphology
preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences
144
יַת
Confidence
medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note
Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma
ית
Transliteration
yt
Morphology
accusative/direct object marker
Gloss
direct object marker
Occurrences
4303
עַמָא׃
Confidence
medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note
Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma
עם
Transliteration
'm'
Morphology
noun masculine singular emphatic
Gloss
people
Occurrences
1754
Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Cecinit autem Joab buccina, et retinuit populum, ne persequeretur fugientem Israël, volens parcere multitudini.

14 word entries
cecinit
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
cano
Transliteration
cecinit
Morphology
GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences
69
autem
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
autem
Transliteration
autem
Morphology
GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Occurrences
5069
Ioab
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
Ioab
Transliteration
Ioab
Morphology
GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences
39
bucina
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
bucina
Transliteration
bucina
Morphology
GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences
38
et
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
et
Transliteration
et
Morphology
GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss
and
Part of Speech
conjunction
Definition
and, also, even
Etymology
Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences
50526
retinuit
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
retineo
Transliteration
retinuit
Morphology
GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences
21
populum
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
populus
Transliteration
populum
Morphology
GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences
2030
ne
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
ne
Transliteration
ne
Morphology
GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
Occurrences
1109
persequeretur
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Transliteration
persequeretur
Morphology
GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences
182
fugientem
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
fugio
Transliteration
fugientem
Morphology
GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences
351
Israhel
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
Israel
Transliteration
Israhel
Morphology
GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences
2547
volens
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
uolo
Transliteration
volens
Morphology
GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences
538
parcere
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
parco
Transliteration
parcere
Morphology
GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences
88
multitudini
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Transliteration
multitudini
Morphology
GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences
391

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

2 Samuel 20:22

Then the woman in her wisdom had talk with all the town. And they had Sheba's head cut off and sent out to Joab. And he had the horn sounded, and sent them all away from the town, every man to his tent. And Joab went back to Jerusalem to the king.

4 relevance votes

2 Samuel 2:28

So Joab had a horn sounded, and all the people came to a stop, and gave up going after Israel and fighting them.

4 relevance votes

1 Corinthians 14:8

For if the war-horn gives out an uncertain note, who will get ready for the fight?

2 relevance votes
Chapter 18 of 24 Verse 16 of 33