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American Standard Version

Proverbs 28

American Standard Version, Verse 9

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⁹ He that turneth away his ear from hearing the law, Even his prayer is an abomination.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Proverbs 28:9. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 50

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

מֵסִ֣יר אָ֭זְנוֹ מִשְּׁמֹ֣עַ תּוֹרָ֑ה גַּֽם־תְּ֝פִלָּת֗וֹ תּוֹעֵבָֽה׃

7 word entries

מֵסִ֣יר

Lemma: 5493
Morphology: Hebrew: verb hiphil participle active
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H5493
Occurrences: 191

אָ֭זְנוֹ

Lemma: 241
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H241
Occurrences: 93

מִשְּׁמֹ֣עַ

Lemma: m/8085
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + verb qal infinitive construct
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H8085
Occurrences: 9

תּוֹרָ֑ה

Lemma: 8451
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H8451
Occurrences: 106

גַּֽם

Lemma: 1571
Morphology: Hebrew: particle
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H1571
Occurrences: 508

תְּ֝פִלָּת֗וֹ

Lemma: 8605
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H8605
Occurrences: 56

תּוֹעֵבָֽה

Lemma: 8441
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H8441
Occurrences: 75

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Ὁ ἐκκλίνων τὸ οὖς αὐτοῦ μὴ εἰσακοῦσαι νόμου, καὶ αὐτὸς τὴν προσευχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐβδέλυκται.

14 word entries

Ὁ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ἐκκλίνων

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἐκκλίνων
Transliteration: ekklinon
Morphology: Greek -ων form; often genitive plural noun/adjective or nominative masculine participle
Gloss: of ... / being ...
Part of Speech: participle/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

τὸ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

οὖς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: οὖς
Transliteration: ous
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
Gloss: ear
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Ear.
Occurrences: 115

αὐτοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

μὴ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: μή
Transliteration: me
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not, lest
Part of Speech: particle
Definition: Negative particle commonly used with non-indicative moods.
Occurrences: 2979

εἰσακοῦσαι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: εἰσακοῦσαι
Transliteration: eisakoysai
Morphology: Greek -σαι form; likely aorist infinitive or middle/passive verb form depending on context
Gloss: to ...
Part of Speech: infinitive/verb form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 10

νόμου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: νόμος
Transliteration: nomos
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: law
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Law, custom, or instruction.
Occurrences: 332

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

αὐτὸς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

τὴν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

προσευχὴν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: προσευχὴν
Transliteration: proseychen
Morphology: accusative singular feminine pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 17

αὐτοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

ἐβδέλυκται

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἐβδέλυκται
Transliteration: ebdelyktai
Morphology: nominative plural feminine or infinitive/verb form depending on context
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective/verb form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܕܡܣܟܪ ܐ̈ܕܢܘܗܝ ܕܠܐ ܢܫܡܥ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܐܦ ܨܠܘܬܗ ܛܡܐܐ ܗܝ

9 word entries

ܕܡܣܟܪ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܡܣܟܪ
Transliteration: dmskr
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 2

ܐ̈ܕܢܘܗܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܕܢܘܗܝ
Transliteration: 'dnwhy
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 7

ܕܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܠܐ
Transliteration: dl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 1157

ܢܫܡܥ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܢܫܡܥ
Transliteration: nshm'
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 25

ܢܡܘܣܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܢܡܘܣܐ
Transliteration: nmws'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 152

ܐܦ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܦ
Transliteration: 'p
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 586

ܨܠܘܬܗ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܨܠܘܬܗ
Transliteration: slwth
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 12

ܛܡܐܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܛܡܐܐ
Transliteration: tm''
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 19

ܗܝ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܗܝ
Transliteration: hi
Morphology: pronoun/copula, feminine singular
Gloss: she, it, is
Occurrences: 578

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

דְמַסְכִּיר אוּדְנֵיהּ דְלָא נִשְׁמַע אוֹרַיְתָא אַף צְלוֹתֵיהּ מְרַחֲקָא הִיא׃

9 word entries

דְמַסְכִּיר

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: מסכיר
Transliteration: dmskyr
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 1

אוּדְנֵיהּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אודניה
Transliteration: 'wdnyh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 3

דְלָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: דלא
Transliteration: dl'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 607

נִשְׁמַע

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: נשמע
Transliteration: nshm'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 4

אוֹרַיְתָא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: אוריתא
Transliteration: 'wryt'
Morphology: noun feminine singular emphatic
Gloss: law, Torah
Occurrences: 299

אַף

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אף
Transliteration: 'p
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 354

צְלוֹתֵיהּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: צלותיה
Transliteration: tslwtyh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 28

מְרַחֲקָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: רחקא
Transliteration: mrchq'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 9

הִיא׃

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: היא
Transliteration: hy'
Morphology: personal/demonstrative pronoun
Gloss: she, it
Occurrences: 241

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Qui declinat aures suas ne audiat legem, oratio ejus erit execrabilis.

11 word entries

qui

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: qui
Transliteration: qui
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 15011

declinat

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: declino
Transliteration: declinat
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 111

aurem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: auris
Transliteration: aurem
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 212

suam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: suus
Transliteration: suam
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 5783

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ne
Transliteration: ne
Morphology: GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 1109

audiat

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: audio
Transliteration: audiat
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 1534

legem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: lex
Transliteration: legem
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 596

oratio

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: oratio
Transliteration: oratio
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 159

eius

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eius
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

erit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sum
Transliteration: erit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20614

execrabilis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: exsecrabilis
Transliteration: execrabilis
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 7

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Ranked cross references

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Proverbs 15:8

Psalms 109:7

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