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American Standard Version

Proverbs 18

American Standard Version, Verse 19

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¹⁹ A brother offended is harder to be won than a strong city; And such contentions are like the bars of a castle.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Proverbs 18:19. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 58

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

אָ֗ח נִפְשָׁ֥ע מִקִּרְיַת־עֹ֑ז ומדונים כִּבְרִ֥יחַ אַרְמֽוֹן׃

8 word entries

אָ֗ח

Lemma: 251
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H251
Occurrences: 455

נִפְשָׁ֥ע

Lemma: 6586
Morphology: Hebrew: verb niphal participle active
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H6586
Occurrences: 25

מִקִּרְיַת

Lemma: m/7151
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common feminine singular construct
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H7151
Occurrences: 3

עֹ֑ז

Lemma: 5797
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H5797
Occurrences: 73

ומדונים

Lemma: c/4066
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + noun common masculine plural absolute
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H4066
Occurrences: 2

וּ֝מִדְיָנִ֗ים

Lemma: c/4079
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + noun common masculine plural absolute
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H4079
Occurrences: 1

כִּבְרִ֥יחַ

Lemma: k/1280
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common masculine singular construct
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H1280
Occurrences: 1

אַרְמֽוֹן

Lemma: 759
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H759
Occurrences: 24

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Ἀδελφὸς ὑπὸ ἀδελφοῦ βοηθούμενος, ὡς πόλις ὀχυρὰ καὶ ὑψηλὴ, ἰσχύει δὲ ὥσπερ τεθεμελιωμένον βασίλειον.

14 word entries

Ἀδελφὸς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀδελφός
Transliteration: adelphos
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: brother
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Brother, kinsman, or member of a people.
Occurrences: 739

ὑπὸ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὑπό
Transliteration: hypo
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: under, by
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided form of ὑπό.
Occurrences: 443

ἀδελφοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀδελφός
Transliteration: adelphos
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: brother
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Brother, kinsman, or member of a people.
Occurrences: 739

βοηθούμενος

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: βοηθούμενος
Transliteration: boethoymenos
Morphology: nominative masculine singular or genitive neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

ὡς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὡς
Transliteration: hos
Morphology: comparative conjunction/adverb
Gloss: as, like, when
Part of Speech: conjunction/adverb
Definition: Comparative or temporal conjunction/adverb.
Occurrences: 1899

πόλις

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: πόλις
Transliteration: polis
Morphology: noun, feminine nominative singular
Gloss: city
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: City or town.
Occurrences: 1387

ὀχυρὰ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ὀχυρὰ
Transliteration: ochyra
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 6

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

ὑψηλὴ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ὑψηλὴ
Transliteration: ypsele
Morphology: nominative feminine singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 3

ἰσχύει

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἰσχύει
Transliteration: ischyei
Morphology: dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 14

δὲ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: δέ
Transliteration: de
Morphology: postpositive conjunction/particle
Gloss: but, and, now
Part of Speech: conjunction/particle
Definition: Postpositive connective conjunction.
Occurrences: 4634

ὥσπερ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὥσπερ
Transliteration: hosper
Morphology: comparative conjunction/adverb
Gloss: just as, as
Part of Speech: conjunction/adverb
Definition: Comparative conjunction/adverb.
Occurrences: 236

τεθεμελιωμένον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: τεθεμελιωμένον
Transliteration: tethemeliomenon
Morphology: accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

βασίλειον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: βασίλειον
Transliteration: basileion
Morphology: accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 10

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܐܚܐ ܕܡܬܥܕܪ ܡܢ ܐܚܘܗܝ ܐܝܟ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܡܢ ܚܣܢܗ̇ ܘܐ̈ܚܕܝܗ̇ ܐܝܟ ܣܘܟܪܐ ܕܚܣܢܐ

12 word entries

ܐܚܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܚܐ
Transliteration: 'h'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 42

ܕܡܬܥܕܪ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܡܬܥܕܪ
Transliteration: dmt'dr
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 2

ܡܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܢ
Transliteration: mn
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 5552

ܐܚܘܗܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܚܘܗܝ
Transliteration: 'hwhy
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 100

ܐܝܟ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܝܟ
Transliteration: 'yk
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 2051

ܡܕܝܢܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܕܝܢܬܐ
Transliteration: mdynt'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 206

ܡܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܢ
Transliteration: mn
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 5552

ܚܣܢܗ̇

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܚܣܢܗ
Transliteration: hsnh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 3

ܘܐ̈ܚܕܝܗ̇

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܐܚܕܝܗ
Transliteration: w'hdyh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

ܐܝܟ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܝܟ
Transliteration: 'yk
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 2051

ܣܘܟܪܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܣܘܟܪܐ
Transliteration: swkr'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 3

ܕܚܣܢܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܚܣܢܐ
Transliteration: dhsn'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 2

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

אֲחָא דְמִתְעַוֵי מִן אֲחוּי הֵיךְ קִרְיְתָא עֲשִׁנְתָּא וְאַחֲרָא הֵיךְ סוֹכָרָא דְחוּסְנָא׃

11 word entries

אֲחָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אחא
Transliteration: 'ch'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 9

דְמִתְעַוֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: מתעוי
Transliteration: dmt'wy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 1

מִן

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: מן
Transliteration: mn
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: from, out of, than
Occurrences: 2836

אֲחוּי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אחוי
Transliteration: 'chwy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 42

הֵיךְ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: היך
Transliteration: hyk
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 459

קִרְיְתָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קריתא
Transliteration: qryt'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 12

עֲשִׁנְתָּא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עשנתא
Transliteration: 'shnt'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 1

וְאַחֲרָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אחרא
Transliteration: w'chr'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 3

הֵיךְ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: היך
Transliteration: hyk
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 459

סוֹכָרָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: סוכרא
Transliteration: swkr'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 1

דְחוּסְנָא׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חוסנא
Transliteration: dchwsn'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 2

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Frater qui adjuvatur a fratre quasi civitas firma, et judicia quasi vectes urbium.

13 word entries

frater

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: frater
Transliteration: frater
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 1060

qui

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: qui
Transliteration: qui
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 15011

adiuvatur

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: adiuuo
Transliteration: adiuvatur
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 68

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ab
Transliteration: a
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 3693

fratre

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: frater
Transliteration: fratre
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 1060

quasi

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: quasi
Transliteration: quasi
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 989

civitas

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ciuitas
Transliteration: civitas
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 1108

firma

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: firmus
Transliteration: firma
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 41

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

iudicia

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: iudicium
Transliteration: iudicia
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 529

quasi

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: quasi
Transliteration: quasi
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 989

vectes

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: uectis
Transliteration: vectes
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 66

urbium

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: urbs
Transliteration: urbium
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 365

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

Proverbs 16:32

He that is slow to anger is better than the mighty; And he that ruleth his spirit, than he that taketh a city.

9 relevance votes

Acts 15:39

And there arose a sharp contention, so that they parted asunder one from the other, and Barnabas took Mark with him, and sailed away unto Cyprus:

7 relevance votes

Proverbs 6:19

A false witness that uttereth lies, And he that soweth discord among brethren.

6 relevance votes

1 Kings 12:16

And when all Israel saw that the king hearkened not unto them, the people answered the king, saying, What portion have we in David? neither have we inheritance in the son of Jesse: to your tents, O Israel: now see to thine own house, David. So Israel departed unto their tents.

5 relevance votes

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Proverbs 18

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

Proverbs 16:32

Acts 15:39

Proverbs 6:19

1 Kings 12:16

2 Samuel 13:22

2 Samuel 13:28

2 Chronicles 13:17

Genesis 37:11