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American Standard Version

Proverbs 14

American Standard Version, Verse 31

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³¹ He that oppresseth the poor reproacheth his Maker; But he that hath mercy on the needy honoreth him.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Proverbs 14:31. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 52

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

עֹ֣שֵֽׁק־דָּ֭ל חֵרֵ֣ף עֹשֵׂ֑הוּ וּ֝מְכַבְּד֗וֹ חֹנֵ֥ן אֶבְיֽוֹן׃

7 word entries

עֹ֣שֵֽׁק

Lemma: 6231
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal participle active
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H6231
Occurrences: 26

דָּ֭ל

Lemma: 1800
Morphology: Hebrew: adjective
Part of Speech: adjective
Strong's: H1800
Occurrences: 36

חֵרֵ֣ף

Lemma: 2778 a
Morphology: Hebrew: verb piel perfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H2778
Occurrences: 30

עֹשֵׂ֑הוּ

Lemma: 6213 a
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal participle active + suffix
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H6213
Occurrences: 1634

וּ֝מְכַבְּד֗וֹ

Lemma: c/3513
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + verb piel participle active + suffix
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H3513
Occurrences: 29

חֹנֵ֥ן

Lemma: 2603 a
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal participle active
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H2603
Occurrences: 51

אֶבְיֽוֹן

Lemma: 34
Morphology: Hebrew: adjective
Part of Speech: adjective
Strong's: H34
Occurrences: 26

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Ὁ συκοφαντῶν πένητα παροξύνει τὸν ποιήσαντα αὐτὸν, ὁ δὲ τιμῶν αὐτὸν ἐλεεῖ πτωχόν.

13 word entries

Ὁ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

συκοφαντῶν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: συκοφαντῶν
Transliteration: sykophanton
Morphology: Greek -ων form; often genitive plural noun/adjective or nominative masculine participle
Gloss: of ... / being ...
Part of Speech: participle/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

πένητα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: πένητα
Transliteration: peneta
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 26

παροξύνει

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: παροξύνει
Transliteration: paroxynei
Morphology: dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 4

τὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ποιήσαντα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ποιήσαντα
Transliteration: poiesanta
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 10

αὐτὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

ὁ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

δὲ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: δέ
Transliteration: de
Morphology: postpositive conjunction/particle
Gloss: but, and, now
Part of Speech: conjunction/particle
Definition: Postpositive connective conjunction.
Occurrences: 4634

τιμῶν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: τιμῶν
Transliteration: timon
Morphology: Greek -ων form; often genitive plural noun/adjective or nominative masculine participle
Gloss: of ... / being ...
Part of Speech: participle/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 3

αὐτὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

ἐλεεῖ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἐλεεῖ
Transliteration: eleei
Morphology: dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 5

πτωχόν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: πτωχόν
Transliteration: ptochon
Morphology: accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܕܕܒܪ ܠܡܣܟܢܐ ܒܝܫ ܒܝܫ ܡܪܓܙ ܠܡ̇ܢ ܕܥܒܕܗ ܘܕܡܝܩܪ ܠܡܪܝܐ ܡܪܚܡ ܥܠ ܡܣ̈ܟܢܐ

12 word entries

ܕܕܒܪ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܕܒܪ
Transliteration: ddbr
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 6

ܠܡܣܟܢܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܡܣܟܢܐ
Transliteration: lmskn'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 40

ܒܝܫ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܒܝܫ
Transliteration: bysh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences: 17

ܒܝܫ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܒܝܫ
Transliteration: bysh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences: 17

ܡܪܓܙ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܪܓܙ
Transliteration: mrgz
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 3

ܠܡ̇ܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܡܢ
Transliteration: lmn
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 57

ܕܥܒܕܗ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܥܒܕܗ
Transliteration: d'bdh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 20

ܘܕܡܝܩܪ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܕܡܝܩܪ
Transliteration: wdmyqr
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

ܠܡܪܝܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܡܪܝܐ
Transliteration: lmry'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 501

ܡܪܚܡ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܪܚܡ
Transliteration: mrhm
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 12

ܥܠ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܠ
Transliteration: 'l
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 3346

ܡܣ̈ܟܢܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܣܟܢܐ
Transliteration: mskn'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 52

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

דְעַשֵׁק לְמִסְכְּנָא חִסוּדָא עָבִיד לְבָרְיֵה וְדִמְרַחֵם עֲלִיבָא יְקָרֵיהּ׃

8 word entries

דְעַשֵׁק

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עשק
Transliteration: d'shq
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 5

לְמִסְכְּנָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: מסכנא
Transliteration: lmskn'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 22

חִסוּדָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חסודא
Transliteration: chswd'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 7

עָבִיד

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עביד
Transliteration: 'byd
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 140

לְבָרְיֵה

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: בריה
Transliteration: lbryh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 12

וְדִמְרַחֵם

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: דמרחם
Transliteration: wdmrchm
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

עֲלִיבָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עליבא
Transliteration: 'lyb'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 1

יְקָרֵיהּ׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יקריה
Transliteration: yqryh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 51

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Qui calumniatur egentem exprobrat factori ejus; honorat autem eum qui miseretur pauperis.

12 word entries

qui

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: qui
Transliteration: qui
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 15011

calumniatur

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: calumnior
Transliteration: calumniatur
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20

egentem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: egens
Transliteration: egentem
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 6

exprobrat

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: exprobro
Transliteration: exprobrat
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 39

factori

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: factor
Transliteration: factori
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 17

eius

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eius
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

honorat

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: honoro
Transliteration: honorat
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 53

autem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: autem
Transliteration: autem
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 5069

eum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eum
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

qui

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: qui
Transliteration: qui
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 15011

miseretur

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: misereor
Transliteration: miseretur
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 165

pauperis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: pauper
Transliteration: pauperis
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 231

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Proverbs 14

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

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