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American Standard Version

Lamentations 3

American Standard Version, Verse 4

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⁴ My flesh and my skin hath he made old; he hath broken my bones.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Lamentations 3:4. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 38

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

בִּלָּ֤ה בְשָׂרִי֙ וְעוֹרִ֔י שִׁבַּ֖ר עַצְמוֹתָֽי׃

5 word entries

בִּלָּ֤ה

Lemma: 1086
Morphology: Hebrew: verb piel perfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H1086
Occurrences: 14

בְשָׂרִי֙

Lemma: 1320
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H1320
Occurrences: 185

וְעוֹרִ֔י

Lemma: c/5785
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + noun common masculine singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H5785
Occurrences: 8

שִׁבַּ֖ר

Lemma: 7665
Morphology: Hebrew: verb piel perfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H7665
Occurrences: 91

עַצְמוֹתָֽי

Lemma: 6106
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine plural construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H6106
Occurrences: 75

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

ἐπαλαίωσε σάρκα μου καὶ δέρμα μου, ὀστέα μου συνέτριψεν.

9 word entries

ἐπαλαίωσε

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἐπαλαίωσε
Transliteration: epalaiose
Morphology: verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss: he/she ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

σάρκα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: σάρκα
Transliteration: sarka
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 26

μου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐγώ
Transliteration: ego
Morphology: pronoun, nominative first-person singular
Gloss: I
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: First-person personal pronoun.
Occurrences: 11445

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

δέρμα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: δέρμα
Transliteration: derma
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 19

μου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐγώ
Transliteration: ego
Morphology: pronoun, nominative first-person singular
Gloss: I
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: First-person personal pronoun.
Occurrences: 11445

ὀστέα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ὀστέα
Transliteration: ostea
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 4

μου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐγώ
Transliteration: ego
Morphology: pronoun, nominative first-person singular
Gloss: I
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: First-person personal pronoun.
Occurrences: 11445

συνέτριψεν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: συνέτριψεν
Transliteration: synetripsen
Morphology: verb, aorist/imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss: he/she ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 11

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܒܠܝ ܡܫܟܝ ܘܒܣܪܝ̣ ܘܬܒ̇ܪ ܓܪ̈ܡܝ

5 word entries

ܒܠܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܒܠܝ
Transliteration: bly
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences: 43

ܡܫܟܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܫܟܝ
Transliteration: mshky
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 6

ܘܒܣܪܝ̣

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܒܣܪܝ
Transliteration: wbsry
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 6

ܘܬܒ̇ܪ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܬܒܪ
Transliteration: wtbr
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 10

ܓܪ̈ܡܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܓܪܡܝ
Transliteration: grmy
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 11

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

עָתַק בִּסְרִי מִמְכְתָּשִׁין וּמַשְׁכִי מִן מְחָתָא תְּבַר גַרְמַי׃

8 word entries

עָתַק

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עתק
Transliteration: 'tq
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1

בִּסְרִי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: סרי
Transliteration: bsry
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 15

מִמְכְתָּשִׁין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: מכתשין
Transliteration: mmktshyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 3

וּמַשְׁכִי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: משכי
Transliteration: wmshky
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 2

מִן

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: מן
Transliteration: mn
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: from, out of, than
Occurrences: 2836

מְחָתָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חתא
Transliteration: mcht'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 31

תְּבַר

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: תבר
Transliteration: tbr
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 70

גַרְמַי׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: גרמי
Transliteration: grmy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 41

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Beth Vetustam fecit pellem meam et carnem meam; contrivit ossa mea.

11 word entries

BETH

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Beher
Transliteration: BETH
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 3

vetustam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: uetustus
Transliteration: vetustam
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 4

fecit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: facio
Transliteration: fecit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 4719

pellem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: pellis
Transliteration: pellem
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 52

meam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: meus
Transliteration: meam
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 4586

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

carnem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: caro
Transliteration: carnem
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 433

meam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: meus
Transliteration: meam
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 4586

contrivit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: contero
Transliteration: contrivit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 173

ossa

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: os
Transliteration: ossa
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 657

mea

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: meus
Transliteration: mea
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 4586

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Lamentations 3

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Ranked cross references

Psalms 51:8

Isaiah 38:13

Jeremiah 50:17

Psalms 22:14

Psalms 32:3